In another study, an approach for reducing binder levels in coatings involves a two-layer coating. For example, Bluvol et al. [15] employed a heavy precoat (15 g/m2) of calcium carbonate, acrylic binder, and starch materials at lower binder levels (7–12 pph), followed by a topcoat at 10–12 pph of acrylic binder and calcium carbonate. The topcoat formula- tion also had polyvinyl chloride and carboxymethylcellulose as co-binders. Another two-layer approach uses a precoat of a cationic starch or cationic acrylate binder. The cationic starch is a primer layer, binding electrostatically to both the anionic paper [16] and anionic topcoat. In one example, a precoat layer of pure cationic starch was applied, followed by a topcoat using an anionic paper coating formulations at 11 pph or higher amount of SB latex [17]. An improved coat- ing strength and stiffness were achieved, compared to the case without the cationic layer. However, the overall binder content was above 11 pph, and no measurements of coating strength at lower binder content were reported