The binary variables were re-coded using the convention that “0”
indicates the absence of a deficit and “1” the presence. The ordinal and continuous
variables were re-coded between “0” and “2” based on the levels of the variable. The
maximum score is 17 and the higher the score the greater the severity of frailty. This
scale has good construct validity, reliability, and internal consistency, is brief and does
not require clinical judgmen