The importance of animals as an efficient and economic means of food production has been challenged, as have its effects on the environment. These concerns have been expressed on a number of issues, notably:
· Competition with alternative land uses and with the use of cereals (and some roots and tubers) as animal feed or for human consumption.
· Competition for carbohydrate and protein sources.
· Inability to meet national targets for animal proteins.
· Only a few large investments in livestock development projects have been marginally successful in increasing productivity and these have had a limited impact on agriculture.
· Inadequate demonstration of how livestock can play a key role in the development of sustainable agriculture in different agro-ecosystems, and the failure to transfer appropriate technologies. In particular, most of the increase in animal products has come from an increase in animal numbers rather than from an increase in individual-animal productivity.
· Resource degradation and environmental damage caused by deforestation, overgrazing and pollution.
· Contribution to global warming (methane from ruminants represents 2.5 percent of total greenhouse gases).
· Pollution from concentrations of intensive animal production enterprises.
Many of these problems are a result of the inability to identify appropriate technologies and define strategies for livestock development that are applicable to individual agro-ecosystems. Often, technology is transferred from developed countries unmodified, rather than generating appropriate technologies within the developing countries themselves. Imported technologies have almost always failed to overcome the constraints imposed on local farming systems or to meet the socio-economic requirements of the local farmers.
Careful analysis and assessment are required so that livestock development strategies can be reoriented towards better use of local resources, contribute more effectively to food security, improve the living standards of poor farmers and ensure sustainable animal agriculture development. The determining factors of this overall strategy include:
· political support for fair commodity prices and proposed strategies;
· better definition of the target recipients' needs;
· increased efficiency of use and management of natural resources;
· linking of production and post-production components to efficient infrastructure, services and marketing schemes;
· more appropriate policies for the use of common land and rangelands;
· improved capacity and commitment of national and international agricultural centres and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to implement strategies that contribute to the development of livestock production within specific agro-ecosystems/ecoregions.
In livestock production, the overriding considerations are the availability and efficient use of local natural resources. A successful livestock development strategy requires the formulation of resource management plans that complement the wider economic, ecological and sociological objectives. Particular attention needs to be given to land-use systems and to the natural resources required for improved livestock production. The strategy will also need to consider the social, cultural, political and institutional elements that affect the management of natural resources. On the policy side, issues relating to land use, common property, legislation, price policies, subsidies, levies, national priorities for livestock development and research capacity have to be addressed. Finally, the implementation of action programmes requires both technical and institutional support and, equally important, government commitment.
The importance of animals as an efficient and economic means of food production has been challenged, as have its effects on the environment. These concerns have been expressed on a number of issues, notably:· Competition with alternative land uses and with the use of cereals (and some roots and tubers) as animal feed or for human consumption.· Competition for carbohydrate and protein sources.· Inability to meet national targets for animal proteins.· Only a few large investments in livestock development projects have been marginally successful in increasing productivity and these have had a limited impact on agriculture.· Inadequate demonstration of how livestock can play a key role in the development of sustainable agriculture in different agro-ecosystems, and the failure to transfer appropriate technologies. In particular, most of the increase in animal products has come from an increase in animal numbers rather than from an increase in individual-animal productivity.· Resource degradation and environmental damage caused by deforestation, overgrazing and pollution.· Contribution to global warming (methane from ruminants represents 2.5 percent of total greenhouse gases).· Pollution from concentrations of intensive animal production enterprises.Many of these problems are a result of the inability to identify appropriate technologies and define strategies for livestock development that are applicable to individual agro-ecosystems. Often, technology is transferred from developed countries unmodified, rather than generating appropriate technologies within the developing countries themselves. Imported technologies have almost always failed to overcome the constraints imposed on local farming systems or to meet the socio-economic requirements of the local farmers.Careful analysis and assessment are required so that livestock development strategies can be reoriented towards better use of local resources, contribute more effectively to food security, improve the living standards of poor farmers and ensure sustainable animal agriculture development. The determining factors of this overall strategy include:· political support for fair commodity prices and proposed strategies;· better definition of the target recipients' needs;· increased efficiency of use and management of natural resources;· linking of production and post-production components to efficient infrastructure, services and marketing schemes;· more appropriate policies for the use of common land and rangelands;· improved capacity and commitment of national and international agricultural centres and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to implement strategies that contribute to the development of livestock production within specific agro-ecosystems/ecoregions.In livestock production, the overriding considerations are the availability and efficient use of local natural resources. A successful livestock development strategy requires the formulation of resource management plans that complement the wider economic, ecological and sociological objectives. Particular attention needs to be given to land-use systems and to the natural resources required for improved livestock production. The strategy will also need to consider the social, cultural, political and institutional elements that affect the management of natural resources. On the policy side, issues relating to land use, common property, legislation, price policies, subsidies, levies, national priorities for livestock development and research capacity have to be addressed. Finally, the implementation of action programmes requires both technical and institutional support and, equally important, government commitment.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..