Age, height, and body mass were recorded. To best display anatomical landmarks and their posture, participants wore tight shorts and sleeveless T-shirts. Six reflective adhesive markers were placed over anatomical landmarks [acromion, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), glabella, tragus, and C.] in accordance with the Biotonix^" postural assessment pro- tocol. A tripod-mounted digital camera was set 33 inches from the ground and 104 inches from a wall-mounted grid, and participants stood 9 inches from the wall. Three pictures in standing were taken: right sagittal, anterior, and posterior views (see Figure 1).
To capture the participant's natural head-on-trunk alignment, each person was asked to look straight ahead and to march on the spot 5 times before each picture was taken^-. Each picture was taken within 5 seconds of the marching sequence. The location of the anatomical landmarks were determined by the BiotonixTM system^" and sent via the Internet to a central server for detailed calculations of body postures including FHP. The postural measurements were calculated from the anatomical land- marks and are indicated in Figures 2 and 3. A report of the postural assessment was generated for each participant and was reviewed by the investigators for the presence of FHP based on the tragus-to-acromion distance (HScal > 2.5 cm.) lone participant was excluded due to an anterior horizontal deviation less than 2.5 cm (tragus-to-acromion)]. Note that this value differs from the screening value of 5 cm since the latter was estimated from the posterior aspect of the acromion then aligning the set square to the tragus. The deviation from the photographs was a