Albert Greenberg et.al. [8] presented an initial effort for a clean slate design approach to data-network control and
management. They presented a 4D architecture that refactors functionality into four components: data, discovery,
dissemination, and decision planes. They made the 4D architecture an extreme design point where all control and
management decisions are made in a logically centralized fashion by servers that have complete control over the network
elements. Based on the 4D architecture, Hong Yan et.al. [9] developed an experimental system Tesseract that enables the
direct control of a computer network that is under a single administrative domain.