In future climates, rice could more frequently be subjected to simultaneous high temperature and water
stress during sensitive developmental stages such as flowering. In this study, five rice genotypes were
exposed to high temperature, water stress and combined high temperature and water stress during
flowering to quantify their response through spikelet fertility. Microscopic analyses revealed significant
differences in anther dehiscence between treatments and genotypes, with a moderately high association
with the number of germinated pollen grains on the stigma. There was a strong relationship between
spikelet fertility and the number of germinated pollen on stigmas. Although, all three stress treatments
resulted in spikelet sterility, high-temperature stress caused the highest sterility in all five genotypes. A
cumulative linear decline in spikelet fertility with increasing duration of independent high-temperature
stress and in combination with water stress was quantified. Better anther dehiscence, higher in vivo
pollen germination, and higher spikelet fertility were observed in both the N22 accessions compared
with IR64, Apo and Moroberekan under high temperature, water stress and combined stress, indicating
its ability to tolerate multiple abiotic stresses.