In North America, FWS CWs started with the ecological engineering of natural wetlands for
wastewater treatment at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s [8-10]. This treatment
technology was adopted in North America not only for municipal wastewaters but all kinds of
wastewaters [11]. Subsurface flow technology spread more slowly in North America but, at present,
thousands of CWs of this type are in operation [11].
Various types of constructed wetlands may be combined in order to achieve higher treatment effect,
especially for nitrogen. Hybrid systems comprise most frequently VF and HF systems arranged in a
staged manner but, in general, all types of constructed wetlands could be combined in order to achieve
more complex treatment efficiency [12].
In North America, FWS CWs started with the ecological engineering of natural wetlands forwastewater treatment at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s [8-10]. This treatmenttechnology was adopted in North America not only for municipal wastewaters but all kinds ofwastewaters [11]. Subsurface flow technology spread more slowly in North America but, at present,thousands of CWs of this type are in operation [11].Various types of constructed wetlands may be combined in order to achieve higher treatment effect,especially for nitrogen. Hybrid systems comprise most frequently VF and HF systems arranged in astaged manner but, in general, all types of constructed wetlands could be combined in order to achievemore complex treatment efficiency [12].
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