In the 18-month trial period from 2003 to 2005, 88
consecutive patients were referred and scheduled
for surgery at the list for elective lumbar spinal
surgery for degenerative disease with low back
pain and radiating pain. Routinely, these
patients had their final indication for surgery
established by the surgeon shortly before the operation.
Due to the eight weeks prehabilitation programme
the patients needed to be included in due
time before surgery, and sometimes before the
final indication was established. Therefore, it was
accepted to include some patients, who in the end
did not need an operation. The surgeons made the
decision of surgery or no surgery without knowledge
of the allocation.
The routine included inpatient rehabilitation.
Inclusion criteria were age over 18 years, being
able to understand and actively participate in the
integrated programme. Fifteen patients did not
fulfil these criteria, since they underwent early surgery.
Therefore, 73 patients were included and randomized
after informed consent 6–8 weeks before
scheduled operation. The exclusion criteria were
contraindications to surgery in general as well as
specific criteria to this study. They include contraindications
to the use of epidural catheter, allergy
to paracetamol, opiates or analgesics for regional
anaesthesia, liver disease, nephropathy or pregnancy.
In six of the 73 patients there was no indication of
surgery at the time of the planned procedure; one of
these six patients cancelled the operation because
the pain resolved. Three other patients underwent
surgery at another hospital, and 4 withdrew their
informed consent (Figure 1).
The allocation was based on computer randomization
in blocks of 10 patients, to either integrated
programme or standard programme. Information
on intervention or routine procedure was enclosed
in sealed opaque envelopes with consecutive numbers.
The randomization was performed by a
health professional, which did not otherwise take
part in the trial. The randomized study design
included several pragmatic aspects that relate to
effectiveness, rather than explanatory (efficacy)
trials,12,13 such as measuring health outcomes
(functionality and quality of life), having a relatively
long study duration, testing clinically relevant
treatment modalities, assessing adverse events
and performing intention to treat analyses
In the 18-month trial period from 2003 to 2005, 88consecutive patients were referred and scheduledfor surgery at the list for elective lumbar spinalsurgery for degenerative disease with low backpain and radiating pain. Routinely, thesepatients had their final indication for surgeryestablished by the surgeon shortly before the operation.Due to the eight weeks prehabilitation programmethe patients needed to be included in duetime before surgery, and sometimes before thefinal indication was established. Therefore, it wasaccepted to include some patients, who in the enddid not need an operation. The surgeons made thedecision of surgery or no surgery without knowledgeof the allocation.The routine included inpatient rehabilitation.Inclusion criteria were age over 18 years, beingable to understand and actively participate in theintegrated programme. Fifteen patients did notfulfil these criteria, since they underwent early surgery.Therefore, 73 patients were included and randomizedafter informed consent 6–8 weeks beforescheduled operation. The exclusion criteria werecontraindications to surgery in general as well asspecific criteria to this study. They include contraindicationsto the use of epidural catheter, allergyto paracetamol, opiates or analgesics for regionalanaesthesia, liver disease, nephropathy or pregnancy.In six of the 73 patients there was no indication ofsurgery at the time of the planned procedure; one ofthese six patients cancelled the operation becausethe pain resolved. Three other patients underwentsurgery at another hospital, and 4 withdrew theirinformed consent (Figure 1).The allocation was based on computer randomizationin blocks of 10 patients, to either integratedprogramme or standard programme. Informationon intervention or routine procedure was enclosedin sealed opaque envelopes with consecutive numbers.The randomization was performed by ahealth professional, which did not otherwise takepart in the trial. The randomized study designincluded several pragmatic aspects that relate toeffectiveness, rather than explanatory (efficacy)trials,12,13 such as measuring health outcomes(functionality and quality of life), having a relativelylong study duration, testing clinically relevanttreatment modalities, assessing adverse eventsand performing intention to treat analyses
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