Sixteen trials examined the effects of music interventions on anxiety
in participants with cancer. Nine trials measured anxiety by
means of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State Anxiety
form (STAI-S) (Binns-Turner 2008; Bufalini 2009; Bulfone
2009; Danhauer 2010; Harper 2001; Kwekkeboom 2003; Smith
2001; Straw 1991;Wan 2009), one trial used the STAI-short form
(Nguyen 2010), and six trials reported mean anxiety measured by
other scales such as numeric rating scale and visual analogue scale
(Cai 2001; Cassileth 2003; Ferrer 2005; Hanser 2006; Li 2004;
Zhao 2008). The data of one trial (Burns 2008) could not be included
because no post-test or follow-up scores were reported. Follow-
up scores (4 weeks post-intervention) were received from the
author, but these could not be combined with the post-test scores
of the other trials. Moreover, Burns reported a large moderating
effect of pre-intervention affect state scores on post-test scores and
follow-up scores. The data of another trial (Kwekkeboom 2003)