Methods
Observations were made from March 1997 to July 2000, over four breeding
seasons. Nest entry occurs in mid- to late March, with chick emergence from
mid- July to early August. Thirty-six nests were located, 19 during intensive nest
searches between February and May each year and 17 by offering monetary
rewards to local tribals. Most nest-trees were located by following lone males,
searching potential trees for cavities, or middens (piles of regurgitated seeds and
fecal matter below active nests) or the presence of seedlings of hornbill food
plants and old feathers. Two nests were also located by calls heard during
watches at nearby nests.