This page contains various properties of paper, how these properties are measured and how are they relevant to end user and/or papermaker. Under TAPPI standard all tests are carried out at 230C ± 10C and 50 + 2% relative humidity.
Click here for a List of Paper Testing Service Provider and Testing Equipment Manufacturers
PHYSICALOPTICALSTRENGTHMISC.CORRUGATED BOARD
Physical Properties
Basis Weight or Grammage
The basis weight, substance or grammage is obviously most fundamental property of paper and paperboard. The Basis weight of paper is the weight per unit area. This can be expressed as the weight in grams per square meter (GSM or g/M2), pounds per 1000 sq. ft. or weight in Kgs or pounds per ream (500 sheets) of a specific size. Paper is sold by weight but the buyer is interested in area of paper. The basis weight is what determines, how much area the buyer gets for a given weight. e.g. if basis weight is 50 g/m2, for every 1 kg weight, the buyer gets 20 m2. When the basis weight is expressed as ream weight, it tells the buyers how many reams he/she getting for a given weight.
For papermaker basis weight is important from point of view of production rate. For a given machine deckle and machine speed, the production rate per day in MT will be = Machine Deckle (m) * Machine Speed (m/min) * Basis Weight (g/M2) * 1440/1000000.
Papermaker always strive to get all desired properties of paper with minimum possible basis weight.
All paper machines are designed to manufacture paper in a given basis weight range. Tighter the range, more efficient will be the machine operation. The standard procedure of measuring basis weight is laid out in TAPPI T 410, SCAN P6, DIN53104 & ISO: BSENISO536
Typical Grammage Values
Grade g/m2
Newsprint 40 - 50
Cigarette Tissue 22 - 25
Bond 60 -90
Paperboard 120 - 300
Accepted trade tolerance +/- 5%
Bulk and Density
Bulk is another very important parameter of paper particularly for printers. Bulk is a term used to indicate volume or thickness in relation to weight. It is the reciprocal of density (weight per unit volume). It is calculated from caliper and basis weight. Bulk (cubic centimeter/g) = Thickness (mm)* 1000/ Basis Weight (g/m2). Sheet bulk relates to many other sheet properties. Decrease in bulk or in other words increase in density makes the sheet smoother, glossier, less opaque, darker, lower in strength etc.
High bulk is desirable in absorbent papers while lower bulk is preferred for printing papers particularly bible paper, dictionary paper etc.
Book Bulk: Book bulk is defined as the overall thickness in mm of a given number of paper sheets. The bulking number is defined as number of sheets required to bulk 25 mm or approximately 1". The standard procedure of measuring book bulk is laid out in TAPPI T 500, SCAN P7 DIN53105, ISO 534, BS: EN ISO20534.
To view density of various grades of paper go to www.paperonweb.com/density.htm
Caliper or Thickness
For a given basis weight, thickness determines how bulky or dense paper is. A well beaten/refined pulp, short fiber pulp such as hard wood or straw pulp, highly filled or loaded paper will show lower thickness for given basis weight. Thickness or Caliper of paper is measured with a micrometer as the perpendicular distance between two circular plane parallel surfaces under a pressure of 1 kg./ CM2. Uniform caliper is good for good roll building and subsequent printing. Variations in caliper can affect several basic properties including strength, optical and roll quality. Thickness is important in filling cards, printing papers, condenser paper, saturating papers etc.
The standard procedure for thickness measurement is explained in TAPPI T 411.
Typical Thickness Values
Grade μm
Newsprint 60 - 80
Office/Business Paper 105 - 110
Blotting Paper (230g/m2) 540 - 590
Tracing Paper (90g/m2) 78
Label Paper (79g/m2) 63
Tissue(28g/m2) 125
Accepted trade tolerance +/- 10%
Curl
Paper curl can be defined as a systematic deviation of a sheet from a flat form. It results from the release of stresses that are introduced into the sheet during manufacture and subsequent use.
Paper curl has been a persistent quality issue and is increasingly important for paper grades being subjected to high speed printing, xerography and high precision converting processes.
There are three basic types of curl, mechanical curl, structural curl and moisture curl. Mechanical curl develops when one side of the paper is stretched beyond its elastic limits. One example of this is the curl in the sheet which forms near the centre of a roll. Structural curl is caused by two-sidedness in the sheet, that is a difference in the level of fines, fillers, fiber area density or fiber orientation through the sheet thickness. Moisture curl can develop when the paper sheet is being offset printed. One side of the sheet may pick up more moisture than the other, the higher moisture side releases the built in drying strains and the paper will curl towards the drier side.
For more details on Curl, please read Curl Basics by Chuck Green
The standard procedure for curl measurement are explained in TAPPI T 466 & T520
Dimensional Stability
Cellulose fibers (main constituent of paper) swell in diameter from 15 to 20% from dry condition to saturation point. Since most of the fiber in paper sheet are aligned in the machine run direction, absorption and de-absorption of moisture by paper causes the change in CD dimension. Such changes in dimension may seriously affect register in printing processes and interfere with the use of such items as tabulating cards. Uneven dimensional changes cause undesirable cockling and curling. Dimensional changes in paper originate in the swelling and contraction of the individual fibers. It is impossible to be precise about the degree of this swelling because paper-making fibers differ considerably in this property, and because the irregular cross-section of fibers creates difficulty in defining diameter. Change that occurs in the dimensions of paper with variation in the moisture content is an important consideration in the use of paper. All papers expand with increased moisture content and contract with decreased moisture content, but the rate and extent of changes vary with different papers.
Dimensional stability of paper can be improved by avoiding fiber to absorb moisture. Well sized papers have better dimensional stability.
For more details on Dimensional Stability, please read Dimensional Stability Notes by Chuck Green
Typical Values
Grade MD (%) CD (%)
Carbonless Paper 0.050-0.150 0.200-0.400
Bond Paper 0.100-0.200 0.200-0.400
Coated Art Paper (under 200 g/m2) 0.090-0.150 0.150-0.350
Gasket Paper 0.400-1.000 0.500-1.100
Formation
Formation is an indicator of how uniformly the fibers and fillers are distributed in the sheet. Formation plays an important role as most of the paper properties depend on it. A paper is as strong as its weakest point. A poorly formed sheet will have more weak and thin or thick spots. These will affect properties like caliper, opacity, strength etc. Paper formation also affects the coating capabilities and printing characteristics of the paper. A poorly formed sheet will exhibit more dot gain and a mottled appearance when printed
There is no standard method or unit to express formation. It is a relative or subjective evaluation. However when holding paper up to a light source, a well formed sheet appears uniform while a poorly formed sheet has clumps of fibers giving a cloudy look.
Friction
Friction is the resisting force that occurs between two paper or paperboard surfaces in contact when the surfaces are brought to slide against each other. This property is measured as a coefficient of friction, which is the ratio of the frictional force, to a force acting perpendicular to the two surfaces.
Two components of friction can be measured, these being static and kinetic friction. Static friction is the force resisting initial motion between the surfaces and kinetic friction is the force resisting motion of the two surfaces sliding against each other when already sliding at a constant speed.
Measurement of the coefficient of friction has applications in packaging where a high coefficient will indicate that containers such as sacks, bags and paperboard containers will resist sliding in unit loads or on packaging lines. This property is also important in printing papers, since a specific coefficient of friction is needed so that individual sheets will slide over each other, otherwise double press feeding may result.
There are two methods of measuring Co-efficient of friction of paper. One, which uses Incline Plane is explained in TAPPI T815, the second method, which uses Horizontal Plane is withdrawn.
Typical Co-efficient of Friction Values Using Horizontal Plane Method
Grade Static Friction Kinetic Friction
Office/Business Paper 0.50-0.65 0.35-0.5
Silk Coated Paper 0.45-0.55 0.30-0.45
Gloss Coated Paper 0.40-0.50 0.30-0.40
Machine and Cross Direction
In paper machine approach flow system, when stock passes through pressure screen, the fibers are oriented lengthwise. If the stock velocity from headbox slice is equal or less than wire speed, fibers which are already oriented lengthwise, will align in the direction of wire run. Fiber alignment can be altered to some extent if stock velocity is less than wire speed. So all papers have a definite grain direction due to greater orientation of fibers in the direction of paper machine run. This grain direction is known as machine direction. The cross direction is the direction of paper at right angles to the machine direction. Some of the properties vary with the MD and CD and hence the values are reported in both the directions. The sheet which has all relevant properties same or almost same in both direction are known as 'square sheet'.
While sheeting the paper, machine and cross direction are to be kept in mind and the shee
This page contains various properties of paper, how these properties are measured and how are they relevant to end user and/or papermaker. Under TAPPI standard all tests are carried out at 230C ± 10C and 50 + 2% relative humidity.
Click here for a List of Paper Testing Service Provider and Testing Equipment Manufacturers
PHYSICALOPTICALSTRENGTHMISC.CORRUGATED BOARD
Physical Properties
Basis Weight or Grammage
The basis weight, substance or grammage is obviously most fundamental property of paper and paperboard. The Basis weight of paper is the weight per unit area. This can be expressed as the weight in grams per square meter (GSM or g/M2), pounds per 1000 sq. ft. or weight in Kgs or pounds per ream (500 sheets) of a specific size. Paper is sold by weight but the buyer is interested in area of paper. The basis weight is what determines, how much area the buyer gets for a given weight. e.g. if basis weight is 50 g/m2, for every 1 kg weight, the buyer gets 20 m2. When the basis weight is expressed as ream weight, it tells the buyers how many reams he/she getting for a given weight.
For papermaker basis weight is important from point of view of production rate. For a given machine deckle and machine speed, the production rate per day in MT will be = Machine Deckle (m) * Machine Speed (m/min) * Basis Weight (g/M2) * 1440/1000000.
Papermaker always strive to get all desired properties of paper with minimum possible basis weight.
All paper machines are designed to manufacture paper in a given basis weight range. Tighter the range, more efficient will be the machine operation. The standard procedure of measuring basis weight is laid out in TAPPI T 410, SCAN P6, DIN53104 & ISO: BSENISO536
Typical Grammage Values
Grade g/m2
Newsprint 40 - 50
Cigarette Tissue 22 - 25
Bond 60 -90
Paperboard 120 - 300
Accepted trade tolerance +/- 5%
Bulk and Density
Bulk is another very important parameter of paper particularly for printers. Bulk is a term used to indicate volume or thickness in relation to weight. It is the reciprocal of density (weight per unit volume). It is calculated from caliper and basis weight. Bulk (cubic centimeter/g) = Thickness (mm)* 1000/ Basis Weight (g/m2). Sheet bulk relates to many other sheet properties. Decrease in bulk or in other words increase in density makes the sheet smoother, glossier, less opaque, darker, lower in strength etc.
High bulk is desirable in absorbent papers while lower bulk is preferred for printing papers particularly bible paper, dictionary paper etc.
Book Bulk: Book bulk is defined as the overall thickness in mm of a given number of paper sheets. The bulking number is defined as number of sheets required to bulk 25 mm or approximately 1". The standard procedure of measuring book bulk is laid out in TAPPI T 500, SCAN P7 DIN53105, ISO 534, BS: EN ISO20534.
To view density of various grades of paper go to www.paperonweb.com/density.htm
Caliper or Thickness
For a given basis weight, thickness determines how bulky or dense paper is. A well beaten/refined pulp, short fiber pulp such as hard wood or straw pulp, highly filled or loaded paper will show lower thickness for given basis weight. Thickness or Caliper of paper is measured with a micrometer as the perpendicular distance between two circular plane parallel surfaces under a pressure of 1 kg./ CM2. Uniform caliper is good for good roll building and subsequent printing. Variations in caliper can affect several basic properties including strength, optical and roll quality. Thickness is important in filling cards, printing papers, condenser paper, saturating papers etc.
The standard procedure for thickness measurement is explained in TAPPI T 411.
Typical Thickness Values
Grade μm
Newsprint 60 - 80
Office/Business Paper 105 - 110
Blotting Paper (230g/m2) 540 - 590
Tracing Paper (90g/m2) 78
Label Paper (79g/m2) 63
Tissue(28g/m2) 125
Accepted trade tolerance +/- 10%
Curl
Paper curl can be defined as a systematic deviation of a sheet from a flat form. It results from the release of stresses that are introduced into the sheet during manufacture and subsequent use.
Paper curl has been a persistent quality issue and is increasingly important for paper grades being subjected to high speed printing, xerography and high precision converting processes.
There are three basic types of curl, mechanical curl, structural curl and moisture curl. Mechanical curl develops when one side of the paper is stretched beyond its elastic limits. One example of this is the curl in the sheet which forms near the centre of a roll. Structural curl is caused by two-sidedness in the sheet, that is a difference in the level of fines, fillers, fiber area density or fiber orientation through the sheet thickness. Moisture curl can develop when the paper sheet is being offset printed. One side of the sheet may pick up more moisture than the other, the higher moisture side releases the built in drying strains and the paper will curl towards the drier side.
For more details on Curl, please read Curl Basics by Chuck Green
The standard procedure for curl measurement are explained in TAPPI T 466 & T520
Dimensional Stability
Cellulose fibers (main constituent of paper) swell in diameter from 15 to 20% from dry condition to saturation point. Since most of the fiber in paper sheet are aligned in the machine run direction, absorption and de-absorption of moisture by paper causes the change in CD dimension. Such changes in dimension may seriously affect register in printing processes and interfere with the use of such items as tabulating cards. Uneven dimensional changes cause undesirable cockling and curling. Dimensional changes in paper originate in the swelling and contraction of the individual fibers. It is impossible to be precise about the degree of this swelling because paper-making fibers differ considerably in this property, and because the irregular cross-section of fibers creates difficulty in defining diameter. Change that occurs in the dimensions of paper with variation in the moisture content is an important consideration in the use of paper. All papers expand with increased moisture content and contract with decreased moisture content, but the rate and extent of changes vary with different papers.
Dimensional stability of paper can be improved by avoiding fiber to absorb moisture. Well sized papers have better dimensional stability.
For more details on Dimensional Stability, please read Dimensional Stability Notes by Chuck Green
Typical Values
Grade MD (%) CD (%)
Carbonless Paper 0.050-0.150 0.200-0.400
Bond Paper 0.100-0.200 0.200-0.400
Coated Art Paper (under 200 g/m2) 0.090-0.150 0.150-0.350
Gasket Paper 0.400-1.000 0.500-1.100
Formation
Formation is an indicator of how uniformly the fibers and fillers are distributed in the sheet. Formation plays an important role as most of the paper properties depend on it. A paper is as strong as its weakest point. A poorly formed sheet will have more weak and thin or thick spots. These will affect properties like caliper, opacity, strength etc. Paper formation also affects the coating capabilities and printing characteristics of the paper. A poorly formed sheet will exhibit more dot gain and a mottled appearance when printed
There is no standard method or unit to express formation. It is a relative or subjective evaluation. However when holding paper up to a light source, a well formed sheet appears uniform while a poorly formed sheet has clumps of fibers giving a cloudy look.
Friction
Friction is the resisting force that occurs between two paper or paperboard surfaces in contact when the surfaces are brought to slide against each other. This property is measured as a coefficient of friction, which is the ratio of the frictional force, to a force acting perpendicular to the two surfaces.
Two components of friction can be measured, these being static and kinetic friction. Static friction is the force resisting initial motion between the surfaces and kinetic friction is the force resisting motion of the two surfaces sliding against each other when already sliding at a constant speed.
Measurement of the coefficient of friction has applications in packaging where a high coefficient will indicate that containers such as sacks, bags and paperboard containers will resist sliding in unit loads or on packaging lines. This property is also important in printing papers, since a specific coefficient of friction is needed so that individual sheets will slide over each other, otherwise double press feeding may result.
There are two methods of measuring Co-efficient of friction of paper. One, which uses Incline Plane is explained in TAPPI T815, the second method, which uses Horizontal Plane is withdrawn.
Typical Co-efficient of Friction Values Using Horizontal Plane Method
Grade Static Friction Kinetic Friction
Office/Business Paper 0.50-0.65 0.35-0.5
Silk Coated Paper 0.45-0.55 0.30-0.45
Gloss Coated Paper 0.40-0.50 0.30-0.40
Machine and Cross Direction
In paper machine approach flow system, when stock passes through pressure screen, the fibers are oriented lengthwise. If the stock velocity from headbox slice is equal or less than wire speed, fibers which are already oriented lengthwise, will align in the direction of wire run. Fiber alignment can be altered to some extent if stock velocity is less than wire speed. So all papers have a definite grain direction due to greater orientation of fibers in the direction of paper machine run. This grain direction is known as machine direction. The cross direction is the direction of paper at right angles to the machine direction. Some of the properties vary with the MD and CD and hence the values are reported in both the directions. The sheet which has all relevant properties same or almost same in both direction are known as 'square sheet'.
While sheeting the paper, machine and cross direction are to be kept in mind and the shee
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This page contains various properties of paper, how these properties are measured and how are they relevant to end user and/or papermaker. Under TAPPI standard all tests are carried out at 230C ± 10C and 50 2% relative humidity.
Click here for a List of Paper Testing Service Provider and Testing Equipment Manufacturers
PHYSICALOPTICALSTRENGTHMISC.CORRUGATED BOARD
Physical Properties
Basis Weight or Grammage
The basis weight, substance or grammage is obviously most fundamental property of paper and paperboard. The Basis weight of paper is the weight per unit area. This can be expressed as the weight in grams per square meter (GSM or g/M2), pounds per 1000 sq. ft. or weight in Kgs or pounds per ream (500 sheets) of a specific size. Paper is sold by weight but the buyer is interested in area of paper. The basis weight is what determines, how much area the buyer gets for a given weight. e.g. if basis weight is 50 g/m2, for every 1 kg weight, the buyer gets 20 m2. When the basis weight is expressed as ream weight, it tells the buyers how many reams he/she getting for a given weight.
For papermaker basis weight is important from point of view of production rate. For a given machine deckle and machine speed, the production rate per day in MT will be = Machine Deckle (m) * Machine Speed (m/min) * Basis Weight (g/M2) * 1440/1000000.
Papermaker always strive to get all desired properties of paper with minimum possible basis weight.
All paper machines are designed to manufacture paper in a given basis weight range. Tighter the range, more efficient will be the machine operation. The standard procedure of measuring basis weight is laid out in TAPPI T 410, SCAN P6, DIN53104 & ISO: BSENISO536
Typical Grammage Values
Grade g/m2
Newsprint 40 - 50
Cigarette Tissue 22 - 25
Bond 60 -90
Paperboard 120 - 300
Accepted trade tolerance /- 5%
Bulk and Density
Bulk is another very important parameter of paper particularly for printers. Bulk is a term used to indicate volume or thickness in relation to weight. It is the reciprocal of density (weight per unit volume). It is calculated from caliper and basis weight. Bulk (cubic centimeter/g) = Thickness (mm)* 1000/ Basis Weight (g/m2). Sheet bulk relates to many other sheet properties. Decrease in bulk or in other words increase in density makes the sheet smoother, glossier, less opaque, darker, lower in strength etc.
High bulk is desirable in absorbent papers while lower bulk is preferred for printing papers particularly bible paper, dictionary paper etc.
Book Bulk: Book bulk is defined as the overall thickness in mm of a given number of paper sheets. The bulking number is defined as number of sheets required to bulk 25 mm or approximately 1". The standard procedure of measuring book bulk is laid out in TAPPI T 500, SCAN P7 DIN53105, ISO 534, BS: EN ISO20534.
To view density of various grades of paper go to www.paperonweb.com/density.htm
Caliper or Thickness
For a given basis weight, thickness determines how bulky or dense paper is. A well beaten/refined pulp, short fiber pulp such as hard wood or straw pulp, highly filled or loaded paper will show lower thickness for given basis weight. Thickness or Caliper of paper is measured with a micrometer as the perpendicular distance between two circular plane parallel surfaces under a pressure of 1 kg./ CM2. Uniform caliper is good for good roll building and subsequent printing. Variations in caliper can affect several basic properties including strength, optical and roll quality. Thickness is important in filling cards, printing papers, condenser paper, saturating papers etc.
The standard procedure for thickness measurement is explained in TAPPI T 411.
Typical Thickness Values
Grade μm
Newsprint 60 - 80
Office/Business Paper 105 - 110
Blotting Paper (230g/m2) 540 - 590
Tracing Paper (90g/m2) 78
Label Paper (79g/m2) 63
Tissue(28g/m2) 125
Accepted trade tolerance /- 10%
Curl
Paper curl can be defined as a systematic deviation of a sheet from a flat form. It results from the release of stresses that are introduced into the sheet during manufacture and subsequent use.
Paper curl has been a persistent quality issue and is increasingly important for paper grades being subjected to high speed printing, xerography and high precision converting processes.
There are three basic types of curl, mechanical curl, structural curl and moisture curl. Mechanical curl develops when one side of the paper is stretched beyond its elastic limits. One example of this is the curl in the sheet which forms near the centre of a roll. Structural curl is caused by two-sidedness in the sheet, that is a difference in the level of fines, fillers, fiber area density or fiber orientation through the sheet thickness. Moisture curl can develop when the paper sheet is being offset printed. One side of the sheet may pick up more moisture than the other, the higher moisture side releases the built in drying strains and the paper will curl towards the drier side.
For more details on Curl, please read Curl Basics by Chuck Green
The standard procedure for curl measurement are explained in TAPPI T 466 & T520
Dimensional Stability
Cellulose fibers (main constituent of paper) swell in diameter from 15 to 20% from dry condition to saturation point. Since most of the fiber in paper sheet are aligned in the machine run direction, absorption and de-absorption of moisture by paper causes the change in CD dimension. Such changes in dimension may seriously affect register in printing processes and interfere with the use of such items as tabulating cards. Uneven dimensional changes cause undesirable cockling and curling. Dimensional changes in paper originate in the swelling and contraction of the individual fibers. It is impossible to be precise about the degree of this swelling because paper-making fibers differ considerably in this property, and because the irregular cross-section of fibers creates difficulty in defining diameter. Change that occurs in the dimensions of paper with variation in the moisture content is an important consideration in the use of paper. All papers expand with increased moisture content and contract with decreased moisture content, but the rate and extent of changes vary with different papers.
Dimensional stability of paper can be improved by avoiding fiber to absorb moisture. Well sized papers have better dimensional stability.
For more details on Dimensional Stability, please read Dimensional Stability Notes by Chuck Green
Typical Values
Grade MD (%) CD (%)
Carbonless Paper 0.050-0.150 0.200-0.400
Bond Paper 0.100-0.200 0.200-0.400
Coated Art Paper (under 200 g/m2) 0.090-0.150 0.150-0.350
Gasket Paper 0.400-1.000 0.500-1.100
Formation
Formation is an indicator of how uniformly the fibers and fillers are distributed in the sheet. Formation plays an important role as most of the paper properties depend on it. A paper is as strong as its weakest point. A poorly formed sheet will have more weak and thin or thick spots. These will affect properties like caliper, opacity, strength etc. Paper formation also affects the coating capabilities and printing characteristics of the paper. A poorly formed sheet will exhibit more dot gain and a mottled appearance when printed
There is no standard method or unit to express formation. It is a relative or subjective evaluation. However when holding paper up to a light source, a well formed sheet appears uniform while a poorly formed sheet has clumps of fibers giving a cloudy look.
Friction
Friction is the resisting force that occurs between two paper or paperboard surfaces in contact when the surfaces are brought to slide against each other. This property is measured as a coefficient of friction, which is the ratio of the frictional force, to a force acting perpendicular to the two surfaces.
Two components of friction can be measured, these being static and kinetic friction. Static friction is the force resisting initial motion between the surfaces and kinetic friction is the force resisting motion of the two surfaces sliding against each other when already sliding at a constant speed.
Measurement of the coefficient of friction has applications in packaging where a high coefficient will indicate that containers such as sacks, bags and paperboard containers will resist sliding in unit loads or on packaging lines. This property is also important in printing papers, since a specific coefficient of friction is needed so that individual sheets will slide over each other, otherwise double press feeding may result.
There are two methods of measuring Co-efficient of friction of paper. One, which uses Incline Plane is explained in TAPPI T815, the second method, which uses Horizontal Plane is withdrawn.
Typical Co-efficient of Friction Values Using Horizontal Plane Method
Grade Static Friction Kinetic Friction
Office/Business Paper 0.50-0.65 0.35-0.5
Silk Coated Paper 0.45-0.55 0.30-0.45
Gloss Coated Paper 0.40-0.50 0.30-0.40
Machine and Cross Direction
In paper machine approach flow system, when stock passes through pressure screen, the fibers are oriented lengthwise. If the stock velocity from headbox slice is equal or less than wire speed, fibers which are already oriented lengthwise, will align in the direction of wire run. Fiber alignment can be altered to some extent if stock velocity is less than wire speed. So all papers have a definite grain direction due to greater orientation of fibers in the direction of paper machine run. This grain direction is known as machine direction. The cross direction is the direction of paper at right angles to the machine direction. Some of the properties vary with the MD and CD and hence the values are reported in both the directions. The sheet which has all relevant properties same or almost same in both direction are known as 'square sheet'.
While sheeting the paper, machine and cross direction are to be kept in mind and the shee
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