ratio of palm oil to other dry matter. For each kg of palm oil,
roughly another 4 kg of dry biomass are produced; approximately
a third of which is found in FFB derived wastes and the
other two thirds is represented by trunk and frond material
[34e37]. On an energy basis, the palm oil represents roughly
a third of the biomass yield, as it has roughly twice the heating
value of the other oil palm dry matter, which therefore
amounts to approximately 2 kg on a palm oil equivalent basis.
Based on 2005 production, around 30 million metric tonnes of
oil equivalent of non palm oil dry biomass matter were
available for energy production from Malaysian palm oil
plantations, or in other words approximately half of 2004 total
primary energy demand. Only a small fraction of this potential
was used, and that vary inefficiently. Open burning is still too
common and responsible for substantial air pollution problems
in South East Asia, indicating that other solutions
urgently need to be found. Some of the biomass is used for
mulching and as fertiliser, though this use is limited by labour
and logistical limitations and concerns about encouraging oil
palm pests [38].
Palm oil mills in Malaysia typically meet most of their
electricity and process steam requirements by burning some
of the wastes, with energy for start-up generally being
ratio of palm oil to other dry matter. For each kg of palm oil,roughly another 4 kg of dry biomass are produced; approximatelya third of which is found in FFB derived wastes and theother two thirds is represented by trunk and frond material[34e37]. On an energy basis, the palm oil represents roughlya third of the biomass yield, as it has roughly twice the heatingvalue of the other oil palm dry matter, which thereforeamounts to approximately 2 kg on a palm oil equivalent basis.Based on 2005 production, around 30 million metric tonnes ofoil equivalent of non palm oil dry biomass matter wereavailable for energy production from Malaysian palm oilplantations, or in other words approximately half of 2004 totalprimary energy demand. Only a small fraction of this potentialwas used, and that vary inefficiently. Open burning is still toocommon and responsible for substantial air pollution problemsin South East Asia, indicating that other solutionsurgently need to be found. Some of the biomass is used formulching and as fertiliser, though this use is limited by labourand logistical limitations and concerns about encouraging oilpalm pests [38].Palm oil mills in Malaysia typically meet most of theirelectricity and process steam requirements by burning someof the wastes, with energy for start-up generally being
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