In this paper, I present a competitive equilibrium model of industry dynamics and capital structure decisions. I show that technology (productivity) heterogeneity is important in determining a firm’s survival probability and leverage ratio. In particular, in equilibrium there is a stationary distribution of surviving firms. These firms exhibit a wide variation of capital structures. In addition, more efficient firms are less likely to exit and have lower agency costs. Finally, I analyze comparative static properties of changes in technology growth, technology risk, entry distribution, entry cost, fixed cost, bankruptcy cost, and tax policy.