In her experiment with keyword captions, full text captions and no-text groups,
Guillory (1998) demonstrates that “the keyword captions group outperformed the no text
group and that the full text captions group outperformed the keyword captions group” (p. 89).
Rather than focusing attention on reading and comprehension skills, she attempted to use
captions to help learners link written words with their phonetic realizations, namely; they
might arouse the phonological visualization of aural cues in the minds of listeners (Bird &
Williams, 2002). That is another benefit of captions/subtitles in visual materials.