These drawbacks in predicting sheet metal formability are especially troublesome in any of the various
incremental sheet forming processes (Fig. 2), now used to make complex parts from sheet metal for the automotive
and other industries. Generally, incremental forming methods are slow and so are often confined to low volumeproduction of sheet metal parts. When incremental forming methods are used in forming parts from sheet metal,
neither tensile ductility parameters nor standard forming limit diagrams can predict formability in the many types of
incremental sheet forming processes that have been developed