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Limousine
Not to be confused with Limousin.
"Limousines" redirects here. For the band, see The Limousines.
Lincoln Town Car stretch limo
1908 Studebaker limousine with open driver's compartment for the chauffeur and a closed cabin for the passengers
Rolls-Royce Phantom IV Touring limousine, 7 seater for HRH The Prince Regent of Iraq, 1953 coachwork by Hooper
A limousine (or limo) is a luxury sedan or saloon car generally driven by a chauffeur and with a partition between the driver and the passenger compartment. Limousines often have a lengthened wheelbase.
It was originally an enclosed automobile with open driver's seat.[1] It is named after a type of cloak and hood that was worn by the inhabitants of the Limousin region that later resembled the covering of a carriage and much later used to describe an automobile body with a permanent top that extended over the open driver's compartment.[2][3]
In modern use, a limousine is a luxury sedan or saloon car, especially one with a lengthened wheelbase or driven by a chauffeur. The chassis of a limousine may have been extended by the manufacturer or by an independent coachbuilder. These are called "stretch" limousines and are traditionally black or white. Limousines are usually liveried vehicles, driven by professional chauffeurs. As the most expensive form of automobile ground transportation, limousines are culturally associated with wealth or power and are commonly cited as examples of conspicuous consumption. Among the less wealthy, limousines are often hired during special events (most commonly weddings, proms, and bachelor parties).
While some limousines are owned by individuals, many are owned by governments to transport senior politicians, by companies to transport executives and guests. Most stretch limousines, however, operate as livery vehicles, providing upmarket competition to taxicabs. Builders of stretch limousines purchase stock cars from manufacturers and modify them, and most are in the United States and Europe and cater mainly to limousine companies. Few stretch limousines are sold new to private individuals. In addition to luxuries, security features such as armoring and bulletproof glass are available.
In 2012, the limousine market size was over $4 billion in the United States. There were more than 4,000 limousine companies employing 42,000 employees.[4]
History Edit
Winton Six Limousine, 1915, with driver in a compartment separate from the passengers, a distinctive limousine feature
The first automobile limousine, built in 1902, was designed so the driver sat outside under a covered compartment.[5] The word limousine is derived from the name of the French region Limousin, because this covered compartment physically resembled the raised hood of the cloak worn by the shepherds there. An alternate etymology has the chauffeur wearing a Limousin-style cloak in the open driver's compartment, for protection from the weather.[6]
The first “stretch limousine” was created in Fort Smith, Arkansas around 1928 by a coach company named Armbruster. These cars were primarily used to transport famous “big band” leaders, such as Glenn Miller and Benny Goodman, and their bands and equipment. These early stretch limousines were often called “big band buses”.
In 1916, the Society of Automobile Engineers defined a limousine as: "a closed car seating three to five inside, with driver's seat outside." A berline was defined as "a limousine having the driver's seat entirely inclosed", while a brougham was defined as "a limousine with no roof over the driver's seat."[7]
In German-speaking countries, a Limousine is simply a sedan, while a lengthened-wheelbase car is called Stretch-Limousine.
Types Edit
The limousine body style has a partition separating the driver from the rear passenger compartment.[6][8] This partition usually contains a sliding (often soundproof) glass window so that conversations between passengers in the rear compartment may be kept private from the chauffeur. Communication with the driver is possible either by opening the window in the partition or by using an intercom system. Alternative versions of the style include the limousine-landaulet, with a removable or folding roof section over the rear passenger seat, and the limousine de-ville, with a solid roof over the rear passengers but a removable or folding roof section over the driver's seat.[9]
Traditional Edit
1927–28 Lincoln Limousine used by US President Calvin Coolidge
Traditionally, the limousine has been a large car with a long wheelbase, allowing the rear passenger compartment to contain a forward-facing passenger seat with a substantial amount of foot room. Otherwise two jump seats are mounted, facing rearward behind the driver; these seats fold up when not in use. In this way, up to five persons can be carried in the aft compartment in comfort, and up to two additional persons carried in the driver's compartment, for a total capacity of seven passengers in addition to the driver. This type of seat configuration has become less popular in recent limousines.
A similar design, but with only the driver in front, is used for the black cabs of London. The jump seats, also referred to as taxi-tip-seats, usually carry advertising on the underside; the advertisements are visible to the passengers when the tip-seats are not in use.
Where a vehicle is built for the funeral trade, one or two full width, normal, forwards facing seats are often added. These may be fixed or fold down into the floor.
Modern limousines Edit
Limousine of the President of the United States, Cadillac One
Stretch limousines are usually used to transport more than three passengers, excluding the driver. In production American limousines however, the jump seats almost always faced forward. The last production limousine, by Cadillac, with forward-facing jump seats was in 1987 (with their Fleetwood Series 75 model), the last Packard in 1954, and the last Lincoln in 1939, though Lincoln has offered limousines through their dealers as special order vehicles at times. Several Lincoln Premier cars were also built, one being owned by Elvis Presley. Vehicles of this type in private use may contain expensive audio players, televisions, video players, and bars, often with refrigerators. The President of the United States has ridden in a variety of types of limousine stretching back to 1899.[10]
Lincoln Town Car "stretch" limousine
Chrysler 300 "stretch" limousine
Ford Fairlane "stretch" limousine
It is simpler to determine the effects of altering a separate chassis than it is to determine the effects of altering a load-bearing unitized platform body. Coach builders have built models based on SUVs with a separate load-bearing chassis. The weight requirements of these limos do not meet some/most states Department of Motor Vehicle Rules and Regulations. Limousine manufacturers are often challenged to meet safety, exhaust, weight, and other standards with longer vehicles that hold more passengers (weight).
Current limousines Edit
(list does not include those produced by 3rd party companies)
‡ = Government limousine only
‡Cadillac One
Cadillac XTS Limousine
Chrysler 300 Limousine
Great Wall Hover π
FAW Hongqi Limousine
Holden Statesman/Caprice Limousine
Hyundai Equus Limousine
IKCO Samand Sarir
Lincoln MKS Limousine
Lincoln MKT Livery
Lincoln Navigator L
Mercedes-Benz S-Class Limousine
Mitsubishi Dignity
SsangYong Chairman W Limousine
‡Toyota Century Royal
‡ZIL-4112R
‡Proton Perdana Limousine
‡Proton chancellor
Stage Edit
Checker Aerobus stage at Glacier National Park
Not a true limousine, but rather in its design and application is between a sedan and a bus. While a bus will have a central interior aisle for access to seating, a stage has multiple doors that allow access to transverse forward-facing seats. Examples of the type were constructed not only from sedans (e.g., Chrysler New Yorker, Cadillac DeVille, Checker Aerobus), but also from station wagons; many of the station wagon conversions sported a large rack, running the length of the roof, for carrying the passengers' baggage.
This type of vehicle was once rather common in some locations. An example of its use was in the transport of travelers arriving by railroad at Merced, California to travel to Yosemite National Park in the first half of the 20th century and at other remote parks. In Yosemite, passengers would then stay in rustic platform tent camps or more expensive lodges and hike or rent bicycles for movement around the park.[citation needed] In Glacier National Park, the stages were referred to as "Jammers" in reference to the nickname of their gear-jamming drivers.[11] Some funeral homes maintain six-door stages to carry the family of the deceased between the church and the cemetery.
Exotic limousines Edit
Hummer H2 stretch limousine
Sometimes a coach builder or car designer will develop the "ultimate" stretch limo, adding amenities that are somewhat impractical but which make a significant design statement. One such design includes tandem rear axles to support the weight of an operational hot tub.
These extensive limousine conversions have been performed on several luxury marques and fast cars, including: Bentley, BMW, Cadillac, Chrysler, Ford, Holden, Hummer, Infiniti, Jaguar, Lexus, Lincoln, Mercedes-Benz, Rolls-Royce, Volkswagen and Daimler. In the United States the most popular vehicles for stretch limousines conversion are the Lincoln Town Car, Cadillac XTS, Cadillac Escalade, Chrysler 300, Hummer H2, Ford Excursion, and the Lincoln Navigator. There are even instances of Corvettes, Ferraris, Mini Coopers and VW Beetles being stretched to accommodate up to 10 passengers.
Novelty limousines Edit
Trabant limousine
A variety of vehicles have been converted into novelty limousines.[12] They may be rented for weddings for those "looking to travel in style".[13]
An example
เปิดเมนูหลักค้นหาวิกิพีเดียแก้ไขดูหน้านี้รถลีมูซีนไม่สับสนกับ Limousin"Limousines" เปลี่ยนเส้นทางที่นี่ สำหรับวงดนตรี ดูเดอะ Limousinesรถเมืองลินคอล์นยืดซีนStudebaker รถลีมูซีนที่ 1908 กับเปิดช่องของโปรแกรมควบคุมคนขับรถและห้องโดยสารปิดสำหรับผู้โดยสารRolls-Royce Phantom IV เช่นรถลีมูซีน 7 ที่นั่งสำหรับสมเด็จเดอะรีเจนท์เจ้าของอิรัก coachwork 1953 โดยรับรถลีมูซีน (หรือซีน) จะเป็นรถเก๋งหรือรถเก๋งรถหรูขับ โดยคนขับรถเป็น และพาร์ติชันระหว่างขับเก๋งที่โดยทั่วไป Limousines มักจะมีกระบะ lengthenedเดิมทีถูกรถยนต์ควบกับเปิดนั่งของคนขับ [1] มันเป็นชื่อหลังจากชนิดของเสื้อคลุมฮูดที่ถูกสวมใส่ โดยคนภาค Limousin ที่คล้ายกับครอบคลุมของการขนส่งและอื่น ๆ ใช้ในภายหลังเพื่ออธิบายร่างกายเป็นรถยนต์ที่สุดถาวรที่ขยายผ่านช่องของโปรแกรมควบคุมที่เปิดในภายหลัง [2] [3]ใช้งานทันสมัย รถลิมูซีนเป็นแบบรถเก๋งหรือรถเก๋งรถหรู โดยเฉพาะหนึ่งกับกระบะ lengthened หรือขับเคลื่อน โดยเป็นคนขับรถ ตัวถังของรถอาจมีการขยาย โดยผู้ผลิต หรือ coachbuilder เป็นอิสระ เหล่านี้เรียกว่า "ยืด" limousines และประเพณีสีดำ หรือสีขาว Limousines รถปกติ liveried ขับเคลื่อน ด้วยพนักงานมืออาชีพได้ เป็นฟอร์มของขนส่งทางบกรถยนต์ที่แพงที่สุด limousines วัฒนธรรมเกี่ยวข้องกับสมบัติหรืออำนาจ และมักมีอ้างเป็นตัวอย่างของการบริโภคจับตา ระหว่างน้อยมั่งคั่ง limousines มักได้รับการว่าจ้างในระหว่างการจัดกิจกรรมพิเศษ (งานแต่งงานมากที่สุด คอนเสิร์ตพร็อมส์ และปริญญาตรีฝ่าย)ในขณะที่บางอย่าง limousines เป็นเจ้าของ โดยบุคคล หลายเป็นเจ้าของ โดยรัฐบาลเพื่อขนส่งนักการเมืองอาวุโส บริษัทขนส่งผู้บริหารและแขกผู้เข้าพัก ส่วนใหญ่ยืด limousines อย่างไรก็ตาม มีเป็นรถเครื่อง ให้แข่งขัน taxicabs เส้นหลัง ผู้สร้างยืด limousines ซื้อหุ้นรถยนต์จากผู้ผลิต และปรับเปลี่ยนแฟ้ม ที่สุดในสหรัฐอเมริกาและยุโรป และตื่นตารถบริษัท Limousines ยืดน้อยจะขายใหม่ไปเป็นแบบส่วนบุคคล นอกจากความหรูหรา คุณลักษณะความปลอดภัยเช่น armoring และ bulletproof แก้วมีใน 2012 ขนาดตลาดรถได้กว่า 4 พันล้าน เหรียญในสหรัฐอเมริกา มีมากกว่า 4000 รถบริษัทใช้พนักงาน 42,000 [4]History EditWinton Six Limousine, 1915, with driver in a compartment separate from the passengers, a distinctive limousine featureThe first automobile limousine, built in 1902, was designed so the driver sat outside under a covered compartment.[5] The word limousine is derived from the name of the French region Limousin, because this covered compartment physically resembled the raised hood of the cloak worn by the shepherds there. An alternate etymology has the chauffeur wearing a Limousin-style cloak in the open driver's compartment, for protection from the weather.[6]The first “stretch limousine” was created in Fort Smith, Arkansas around 1928 by a coach company named Armbruster. These cars were primarily used to transport famous “big band” leaders, such as Glenn Miller and Benny Goodman, and their bands and equipment. These early stretch limousines were often called “big band buses”.In 1916, the Society of Automobile Engineers defined a limousine as: "a closed car seating three to five inside, with driver's seat outside." A berline was defined as "a limousine having the driver's seat entirely inclosed", while a brougham was defined as "a limousine with no roof over the driver's seat."[7]In German-speaking countries, a Limousine is simply a sedan, while a lengthened-wheelbase car is called Stretch-Limousine.Types EditThe limousine body style has a partition separating the driver from the rear passenger compartment.[6][8] This partition usually contains a sliding (often soundproof) glass window so that conversations between passengers in the rear compartment may be kept private from the chauffeur. Communication with the driver is possible either by opening the window in the partition or by using an intercom system. Alternative versions of the style include the limousine-landaulet, with a removable or folding roof section over the rear passenger seat, and the limousine de-ville, with a solid roof over the rear passengers but a removable or folding roof section over the driver's seat.[9]Traditional Edit1927–28 Lincoln Limousine used by US President Calvin CoolidgeTraditionally, the limousine has been a large car with a long wheelbase, allowing the rear passenger compartment to contain a forward-facing passenger seat with a substantial amount of foot room. Otherwise two jump seats are mounted, facing rearward behind the driver; these seats fold up when not in use. In this way, up to five persons can be carried in the aft compartment in comfort, and up to two additional persons carried in the driver's compartment, for a total capacity of seven passengers in addition to the driver. This type of seat configuration has become less popular in recent limousines.A similar design, but with only the driver in front, is used for the black cabs of London. The jump seats, also referred to as taxi-tip-seats, usually carry advertising on the underside; the advertisements are visible to the passengers when the tip-seats are not in use.Where a vehicle is built for the funeral trade, one or two full width, normal, forwards facing seats are often added. These may be fixed or fold down into the floor.Modern limousines EditLimousine of the President of the United States, Cadillac OneStretch limousines are usually used to transport more than three passengers, excluding the driver. In production American limousines however, the jump seats almost always faced forward. The last production limousine, by Cadillac, with forward-facing jump seats was in 1987 (with their Fleetwood Series 75 model), the last Packard in 1954, and the last Lincoln in 1939, though Lincoln has offered limousines through their dealers as special order vehicles at times. Several Lincoln Premier cars were also built, one being owned by Elvis Presley. Vehicles of this type in private use may contain expensive audio players, televisions, video players, and bars, often with refrigerators. The President of the United States has ridden in a variety of types of limousine stretching back to 1899.[10]Lincoln Town Car "stretch" limousineChrysler 300 "stretch" limousineFord Fairlane "stretch" limousineIt is simpler to determine the effects of altering a separate chassis than it is to determine the effects of altering a load-bearing unitized platform body. Coach builders have built models based on SUVs with a separate load-bearing chassis. The weight requirements of these limos do not meet some/most states Department of Motor Vehicle Rules and Regulations. Limousine manufacturers are often challenged to meet safety, exhaust, weight, and other standards with longer vehicles that hold more passengers (weight).Current limousines Edit(list does not include those produced by 3rd party companies)‡ = Government limousine only‡Cadillac OneCadillac XTS LimousineChrysler 300 LimousineGreat Wall Hover πFAW Hongqi LimousineHolden Statesman/Caprice LimousineHyundai Equus LimousineIKCO Samand SarirLincoln MKS LimousineLincoln MKT LiveryLincoln Navigator LMercedes-Benz S-Class LimousineMitsubishi DignitySsangYong Chairman W Limousine‡Toyota Century Royal‡ZIL-4112R‡Proton Perdana Limousine‡Proton chancellorStage EditChecker Aerobus stage at Glacier National ParkNot a true limousine, but rather in its design and application is between a sedan and a bus. While a bus will have a central interior aisle for access to seating, a stage has multiple doors that allow access to transverse forward-facing seats. Examples of the type were constructed not only from sedans (e.g., Chrysler New Yorker, Cadillac DeVille, Checker Aerobus), but also from station wagons; many of the station wagon conversions sported a large rack, running the length of the roof, for carrying the passengers' baggage.This type of vehicle was once rather common in some locations. An example of its use was in the transport of travelers arriving by railroad at Merced, California to travel to Yosemite National Park in the first half of the 20th century and at other remote parks. In Yosemite, passengers would then stay in rustic platform tent camps or more expensive lodges and hike or rent bicycles for movement around the park.[citation needed] In Glacier National Park, the stages were referred to as "Jammers" in reference to the nickname of their gear-jamming drivers.[11] Some funeral homes maintain six-door stages to carry the family of the deceased between the church and the cemetery.Exotic limousines EditHummer H2 stretch limousineSometimes a coach builder or car designer will develop the "ultimate" stretch limo, adding amenities that are somewhat impractical but which make a significant design statement. One such design includes tandem rear axles to support the weight of an operational hot tub.
These extensive limousine conversions have been performed on several luxury marques and fast cars, including: Bentley, BMW, Cadillac, Chrysler, Ford, Holden, Hummer, Infiniti, Jaguar, Lexus, Lincoln, Mercedes-Benz, Rolls-Royce, Volkswagen and Daimler. In the United States the most popular vehicles for stretch limousines conversion are the Lincoln Town Car, Cadillac XTS, Cadillac Escalade, Chrysler 300, Hummer H2, Ford Excursion, and the Lincoln Navigator. There are even instances of Corvettes, Ferraris, Mini Coopers and VW Beetles being stretched to accommodate up to 10 passengers.
Novelty limousines Edit
Trabant limousine
A variety of vehicles have been converted into novelty limousines.[12] They may be rented for weddings for those "looking to travel in style".[13]
An example
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