Motivation in Gardner's theory does not contain any integrative or instrumental elements. There does exist an integrative or instrumental dichotomy in Gardner's model but this is at the orientation (i.e. goal) level, and as such, is not part of the core motivation component; rather, the two orientations function merely as motivational antecedents that help to arouse motivation and direct it towards a set of goals, either with a strong interpersonal quality (integrative) or a
strong practical quality (instrumental).