Others have suggested that the domination of modern social life by the state, and the essential confrontation of classes in capitalist society, have made ‘community’ a nostalgic, bourgeois and anachronistic concept. Once again, the argument is based entirely upon a highly particularistic and sectarian definition. However, its redundancy can be claimed not only on philosophical grounds, but also as being evident in the massive upsurge of community consciousness – in such terms as ethnicity, localism, religion, and class itself – which has swept the ‘modern’ world in recent years.