The present study focuses on optimizing the configuration of a
standalone solar–wind-pumped storage power system through
evaluating its techno-economic performance. The proposed system
schematic is illustrated in Fig. 1. It consists of photovoltaic (PV)
array and wind turbine (WT), pumped hydro storage, end-user
and control station. The whole system is isolated from the utility
grid, hence called standalone/autonomous system, aiming for
remote areas where utility extension is very expensive or impossible.
The physical model and operating principle of the microgrid
solar–wind-pumped storage system has been examined in [19].