These IATA targets have been adopted by a wider range of industry including airports, air navigation service providers and manufacturers, represented as the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG 2013). At its 37th Assembly in September 2010, ICAO’s members committed to a goal of a 2 per cent annum improvement in fuel efficiency up to 2020 (i.e. a hard target); to an aspirational goal of extending this 2 per cent year-on-year efficiency improvement up to 2050 (i.e. a soft target); to ‘considering’ the objective of carbon-neutral growth beyond 2020, and to developing a framework for MBMs for international aviation emissions (IATA 2011: 28; ICAO 2010: 8).