of independent power producers across the states in the United States in the
wake of a shift in federal energy policy. But it is not only the behavior of public agencies that influence organizing
prospects; private associations and corporate systems can also affect population
processes. Thus, Ingram and Inman (1996) found that membership in
a broader association decreased the failure rates of Israeli worker coops
(Kibbutzim), although this effect was attenuated after the state of Israel was
created. Similarly, ties to hotel chains generally enhanced survival chances for
Manhattan hotels, depending on the characteristics of the chain (Ingram and
Baum, 1997). These and related arguments can more readily be developed
after we introduce the institutional perspective, which has productively interacted
with ecological arguments in accounting for population processes
of independent power producers across the states in the United States in the
wake of a shift in federal energy policy. But it is not only the behavior of public agencies that influence organizing
prospects; private associations and corporate systems can also affect population
processes. Thus, Ingram and Inman (1996) found that membership in
a broader association decreased the failure rates of Israeli worker coops
(Kibbutzim), although this effect was attenuated after the state of Israel was
created. Similarly, ties to hotel chains generally enhanced survival chances for
Manhattan hotels, depending on the characteristics of the chain (Ingram and
Baum, 1997). These and related arguments can more readily be developed
after we introduce the institutional perspective, which has productively interacted
with ecological arguments in accounting for population processes
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