Reading : the bottom-up model ,the top down model and the interactive model.
The bottom-up model is to “decode meaning from the printed page ,recognize linguistic signals ,and use linguistic data processing mechanisms to impose some sort of order on these signals”(Brown ,1994, p.284). Weir and Urquhart (1998) also mentioned that bottom-up analyses begin with the text, or bits of the text. For example in Gough’s (1972) model, the reader begins with letters, which are recognized by a SCANNER. The information gained is passed to a DECODER, which converts the string of letters into a string of systematic phonemes. This string is then passed to a LIBRARIAN, where with the help of the LEXICON, it is recognized as a word.