Introduction
Naproxen (6-methoxy-a-methyl-2-naphthalene acetic acid,
Fig. 1), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derived
of propionic acid, is widely used to moderate pain relief in the
treatment of many diseases [1]. Recently, it has been approved
for over-the-counter use in the United States. NSAIDs, including
naproxen are commonly employed to reduce ongoing inflammation,
pain and fever, since they are able to block [2] the
cyclooxygenase (Cox) enzymes (Cox-1 and Cox-2), that both produce
prostaglandins; these classes of compounds have several
important functions, as the promotion of inflammation, pain and
fever. However, prostaglandins produced by the Cox-1 enzyme, are
also able to protect the stomach, support platelets and blood clotting.
Thus, NSAIDs can cause ulcers in the stomach and promote
bleeding after an injury or surgery. Moreover, they are associated
with other serious side effects, i.e. kidney failure, and with anumber
of minor side effects, such as nausea vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation,
decreased appetite, rash, dizziness, headache and drowsiness.
Whenanti-inflammatory treatments become chronic, as in the case
rheumatoid arthritis, the patients are exposed to the drugs for prolonged
time periods. The potential misuse and involuntary intake
of naproxen as residues in food could pose a health risk in people,
for example allergy, severe gastrointestinal lesion, changes in renal
function and nephrotoxicity [3–5].
IntroductionNaproxen (6-methoxy-a-methyl-2-naphthalene acetic acid,Fig. 1), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derivedof propionic acid, is widely used to moderate pain relief in thetreatment of many diseases [1]. Recently, it has been approvedfor over-the-counter use in the United States. NSAIDs, includingnaproxen are commonly employed to reduce ongoing inflammation,pain and fever, since they are able to block [2] thecyclooxygenase (Cox) enzymes (Cox-1 and Cox-2), that both produceprostaglandins; these classes of compounds have severalimportant functions, as the promotion of inflammation, pain andfever. However, prostaglandins produced by the Cox-1 enzyme, arealso able to protect the stomach, support platelets and blood clotting.Thus, NSAIDs can cause ulcers in the stomach and promotebleeding after an injury or surgery. Moreover, they are associatedwith other serious side effects, i.e. kidney failure, and with anumberof minor side effects, such as nausea vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation,decreased appetite, rash, dizziness, headache and drowsiness.Whenanti-inflammatory treatments become chronic, as in the caserheumatoid arthritis, the patients are exposed to the drugs for prolongedtime periods. The potential misuse and involuntary intakeof naproxen as residues in food could pose a health risk in people,for example allergy, severe gastrointestinal lesion, changes in renalfunction and nephrotoxicity [3–5].
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