Factors Influencing Bactericidal Activity in Cerebrospinal Fluid
The three major factors affecting the bactericidal activity of an antibiotic in cerebrospinal fluid are its relative degree of penetration into the fluid, its concentration there, and its intrinsic activity in infected fluid. The penetration of an antibiotic into cerebrospinal fluid is primarily influenced by the characteristics of the antibiotic and the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (Table 1Table 1Factors Influencing the Bactericidal Activity of Antibiotics in Cerebrospinal Fluid.).24,25 When the barrier is intact, penetration is limited because vesicular transport across cells is minimal and the junctions between the endothelial cells of the cerebral microvasculature are tight.26 However, during meningitis there is an increase in vesicular transport across cells in meningeal arterioles and complete separation of the tight junctions between endothelial cells in meningeal venules.27,28 These changes result in increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier, so that for many antibiotics (such as β-lactams) the degree of cerebrospinal fluid penetration increases to 5 to 10 percent of the serum concentration.25 For other antibiotics more highly soluble in lipids (such as chloramphenicol, rifampin, and trimethoprim), penetration into cerebrospinal fluid is high (reaching 30 to 40 percent of the serum concentration) even when the meninges are not inflamed.
The concentration of antibiotic in cerebrospinal fluid needed for maximal bactericidal activity is not known. In experimental meningitis, maximal bactericidal activity occurs when the concentration of antibiotic is 10 to 30 times the minimal bactericidal concentration against the organism in vitro.29,30 One explanation for this difference is that infected cerebrospinal fluid decreases the activity of the antibiotic. For example, in infected cerebrospinal fluid the low pH (ranging from 6.7 to 7.1) reduces the activity of aminoglycosides, and the increased concentration of protein reduces the concentration of active free drug in the case of the highly protein-bound β-lactams (especially the cephalosporins).24,30 In addition, in experimental meningitis the growth of S. pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid is substantially slower at higher temperatures. Since the activity of β-lactam (i.e., penicillin G) on bacterial cell-wall synthesis depends on bacterial cell division, fever may impair its bactericidal effect in vivo (Table 1).31
Factors Influencing Bactericidal Activity in Cerebrospinal Fluid
The three major factors affecting the bactericidal activity of an antibiotic in cerebrospinal fluid are its relative degree of penetration into the fluid, its concentration there, and its intrinsic activity in infected fluid. The penetration of an antibiotic into cerebrospinal fluid is primarily influenced by the characteristics of the antibiotic and the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (Table 1Table 1Factors Influencing the Bactericidal Activity of Antibiotics in Cerebrospinal Fluid.).24,25 When the barrier is intact, penetration is limited because vesicular transport across cells is minimal and the junctions between the endothelial cells of the cerebral microvasculature are tight.26 However, during meningitis there is an increase in vesicular transport across cells in meningeal arterioles and complete separation of the tight junctions between endothelial cells in meningeal venules.27,28 These changes result in increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier, so that for many antibiotics (such as β-lactams) the degree of cerebrospinal fluid penetration increases to 5 to 10 percent of the serum concentration.25 For other antibiotics more highly soluble in lipids (such as chloramphenicol, rifampin, and trimethoprim), penetration into cerebrospinal fluid is high (reaching 30 to 40 percent of the serum concentration) even when the meninges are not inflamed.
The concentration of antibiotic in cerebrospinal fluid needed for maximal bactericidal activity is not known. In experimental meningitis, maximal bactericidal activity occurs when the concentration of antibiotic is 10 to 30 times the minimal bactericidal concentration against the organism in vitro.29,30 One explanation for this difference is that infected cerebrospinal fluid decreases the activity of the antibiotic. For example, in infected cerebrospinal fluid the low pH (ranging from 6.7 to 7.1) reduces the activity of aminoglycosides, and the increased concentration of protein reduces the concentration of active free drug in the case of the highly protein-bound β-lactams (especially the cephalosporins).24,30 In addition, in experimental meningitis the growth of S. pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid is substantially slower at higher temperatures. Since the activity of β-lactam (i.e., penicillin G) on bacterial cell-wall synthesis depends on bacterial cell division, fever may impair its bactericidal effect in vivo (Table 1).31
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