Assessed likely ranges (whiskers) and their mid-points (bars) for warming trends over the 1951–2010
period from well-mixed greenhouse gases, other anthropogenic forcings (including the cooling effect of aerosols and
the effect of land-use change), combined anthropogenic forcings, natural forcings, and natural internal climate
variability (which is the element of climate variability that arises spontaneously within the climate system even in the
absence of forcings). The observed surface temperature change is shown in black, with the 5–95% uncertainty range
due to observational uncertainty. The attributed warming ranges (colours) are based on observations combined with
climate model simulations, in order to estimate the contribution of an individual external forcing to the observed
warming. The contribution from the combined anthropogenic forcings can be estimated with less uncertainty than the
contributions from greenhouse gases and from other anthropogenic forcings separately. This is because these two
contributions partially compensate, resulting in a combined signal that is better constrained by observations.
Assessed likely ranges (whiskers) and their mid-points (bars) for warming trends over the 1951–2010
period from well-mixed greenhouse gases, other anthropogenic forcings (including the cooling effect of aerosols and
the effect of land-use change), combined anthropogenic forcings, natural forcings, and natural internal climate
variability (which is the element of climate variability that arises spontaneously within the climate system even in the
absence of forcings). The observed surface temperature change is shown in black, with the 5–95% uncertainty range
due to observational uncertainty. The attributed warming ranges (colours) are based on observations combined with
climate model simulations, in order to estimate the contribution of an individual external forcing to the observed
warming. The contribution from the combined anthropogenic forcings can be estimated with less uncertainty than the
contributions from greenhouse gases and from other anthropogenic forcings separately. This is because these two
contributions partially compensate, resulting in a combined signal that is better constrained by observations.
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