Freshman and Menzie [85] presented a model using standardized
hypothetical landscapes, with simple rules for animal
movements through the landscape. Another example is the
PARET model developed in the frame of ECOFRAM [86].
This model includes stochasticity in pollutant effects, sublethal
end points, exposure estimates, and pesticide fate discriminated
on the basis of landscape structure and time-scaled treatment
of pollutant fate and persistence within exposed biota.
Examples of geographic information system approaches using
data on real landscapes and population behavior have also been
presented [87–89].