n January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company. He was soon joined by Iwerks, who was not able to run their business alone.[34] While working for the company, where he made commercials based on cutout animation, Disney became interested in animation and decided to become an animator.[35] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. He eventually decided to open his own animation business and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[36] Disney and Harman then started creating cartoons called Laugh-O-Grams.[37] Disney studied Aesop's Fables as a model. The first six of the new Laugh-O-Grams were modernized fairy tales.[38] They screened their cartoons at a local theater owned by Frank Newman, who was one of the most popular "showmen" in Kansas City.[37]
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
File:Newman Laugh-O-Gram (1921).webm
Newman Laugh-O-Gram (1921)
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[37] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area.[39] Through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[40] for which he hired a number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.[41] It was opened on May 18, 1922.[42] However, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,[43] Disney's studio became loaded with debt and wound up bankrupt,[43][44] whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.[45]
Career in Hollywood and marriage
Two months after their arrival in October 1923,[46] Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood.[47] Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice's Wonderland, and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio, located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925 Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year, on July 25, 1925.[48]
Alice Comedies
Disney and Roy needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City but never got to distribute.[44] Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.[49] Walt did the animation himself and directed the live-action scenes, while Roy took on the unfamiliar role of cameraman, photographing both the animation and the live action. The first of the new Alice Comedies, Alice’s Day at Sea, was delivered on December 26, 1923, and the Disney Brothers studio received their first earnings of $1,500. The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful. It featured Virginia Davis, with other child actresses assuming the role later.[46] By the time the series ended in 1927,[50] it had lost popularity. Historian J.B. Kaufman said its focus was more on the animated characters rather than the live-action Alice, while its idea had exhausted itself.[51]
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
n January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company. He was soon joined by Iwerks, who was not able to run their business alone.[34] While working for the company, where he made commercials based on cutout animation, Disney became interested in animation and decided to become an animator.[35] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. He eventually decided to open his own animation business and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[36] Disney and Harman then started creating cartoons called Laugh-O-Grams.[37] Disney studied Aesop's Fables as a model. The first six of the new Laugh-O-Grams were modernized fairy tales.[38] They screened their cartoons at a local theater owned by Frank Newman, who was one of the most popular "showmen" in Kansas City.[37]
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
File:Newman Laugh-O-Gram (1921).webm
Newman Laugh-O-Gram (1921)
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[37] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area.[39] Through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[40] for which he hired a number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.[41] It was opened on May 18, 1922.[42] However, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,[43] Disney's studio became loaded with debt and wound up bankrupt,[43][44] whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.[45]
Career in Hollywood and marriage
Two months after their arrival in October 1923,[46] Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood.[47] Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice's Wonderland, and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio, located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925 Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year, on July 25, 1925.[48]
Alice Comedies
Disney and Roy needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City but never got to distribute.[44] Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.[49] Walt did the animation himself and directed the live-action scenes, while Roy took on the unfamiliar role of cameraman, photographing both the animation and the live action. The first of the new Alice Comedies, Alice’s Day at Sea, was delivered on December 26, 1923, and the Disney Brothers studio received their first earnings of $1,500. The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful. It featured Virginia Davis, with other child actresses assuming the role later.[46] By the time the series ended in 1927,[50] it had lost popularity. Historian J.B. Kaufman said its focus was more on the animated characters rather than the live-action Alice, while its idea had exhausted itself.[51]
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
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