questions 10‐12, labeled on the assessment as extra credit, required students to infer the bonding behavior of phosphorus, an element that was not mentioned at all during the 3.5 hour course. To answer the questions, the students needed to use the periodic table to draw an atom diagram with electrons placed in their proper orbitals. They then needed to use knowledge from the class to determine the connection between the orbital arrangement and bonding. Once the student realized that phosphorus should be capable of making three bonds, they could then draw a hypothetical phosphorus‐containing molecule