The study area was the Ban Pong Forest Sanctuary (188560N,
99830E, elevation: 400 m a.s.l.), in the Huai Jo low-hill watershed
located on the San Sai Mountain Range surrounding the Chiang Mai
Basin, 20 km NE of Chiang Mai in northern Thailand (Fig. 1). The
reserve belongs to the larger Ban Pong forest area
(4378 ha). The other land uses in the forest area are (rainfed)
agriculture (1658 ha), agroforestry (432 ha) and ecological restoration
(328 ha) (Palylyk et al., 1996).
Sanctuary