Phenotypic plasticity (switching) has been proposed to influence antigenicity and biofilm formation of C. albicans. In addition to
these virulence factors, several fitness traits influence fungal pathogenicity. They include a robust stress response mediated by heat shock proteins
(Hsps); auto-induction of hyphal formation through uptake of amino acids, excretion of ammonia (NH3) and concomitant extracellular alkalinization;
metabolic flexibility and uptake of different compounds as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sources; and uptake of essential trace metals, e.g., iron (Fe), zinc
(Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn).