Risk factors for developing cystitis in pregnancy include those stated for asymptomatic bacteriuria as well as a history of Chlamydia trachomatis and illicit drug use [52]. The main examinations for bacteriuria are urinalysis, urine culture, gram stain of centrifuged urine, nitrite test and evaluation of leucocyte esterase. The spectrum of uropathogens isolated is similar to that seen in asymptomatic bacteriuria. Therefore the treatment modality of dosing and duration is the same. Trimethoprim, a folate antagonist, should be avoided in the first trimester and nitrofurantoin can cause haemolysis in the newborn if used in the third trimester. The rate of recurrence is low but in such cases follow-up surveillance in the form of monthly urine culture throughout pregnancy is recommended