Experimental research participants were classified as: (a) ‘‘non- management’’ (those supervised or managed and not themselves in any position of formal authority), (b) ‘‘management’’ (those in any position of recognized authority over other individuals), (c) ‘‘executive’’ (those identified as top level management), (d) ‘‘college student’’ (participants identified in the article as students, college students, university students, or students enrolled in a specific course), or (e) ‘‘other’’ (those not fitting any of the other operational definitions in this category).