Hoe literature review may be integrated in different theses where there are identifiable literature review chapters and sections is illustrated below. There are two main approaches; dedicated and recursive. In the first approach, the literature review is included n a chapters frequently with topic-related titles, near the beginning of the thesis. It often begins in the introduction and continues in one or more subsequent chapters. In some fields such as medicine, the complete literature review may appear as part of the introduction under suitable headings and subheadings. Many doctoral theses, in particular are made up of a number of different research studies which although independent, are connected by the overarching umbrella of the research topic. In theses cases, the second approach is more appropriate, with the literature review likely to reappear at various points in the thesis. it begins in the introduction and then continues at the start of each chapter which presents a different study of group of studies. the different area covered in the literature review for each study are generally referred to in the thesis introduction where the overall background to the research is provided. Examples of both organisational approaches, taken from the contents pages of PhD theses and an MA dissertation, illustrate the various way in which the literature review can be integrated into the whole thesis.