Volcanism at Convergent Plate Boundaries
Recall that at convergent plate boundaries slabs of oceanic crust are bent as they descend into the mantle, generating a deep- ocean trench. As a slab sinks deeper into the mantle, the in- crease in temperature and pressure drives volatiles(mostly water) from the oceanic crust. These mobile fluids migrate up- ward into the wedge-shaped piece of mantle located between the subductingslab and the overriding plate. Once the sinking slab reaches a depth of about 100 kilometers, these water-rich fluids reduce the melting point of hot mantle rock sufficiently to trigger some melting. The partial melting of mantle rock(peridotite) generates magma with a basaltic composition. After a sufficient quantity of magma has accumulated, it slowly mi- grates upward Volcanism at a convergent plate margin results in the development of a slightly curved chain of volcanoes called a volcanic arc. These volcanic chains develop roughly parallel to the associated trench-at distances of 200-300 kilometers(100-200 miles). Volcanic arcs can be constructed on oceanic, or continental, lithosphere. Those that develop within the ocean and grow large enough for their tops to rise above the surface are labeled island archipelagos in most atlases. Geol ogists prefer the more descriptive term volcanic island arcs, or simply island arcs(Figure 9.36A). Several young volcanic island arcs border the western Pacific basin, including the Aleutians, the Tongas, and the Marianas
Volcanism at Convergent Plate Boundaries Recall that at convergent plate boundaries slabs of oceanic crust are bent as they descend into the mantle, generating a deep- ocean trench. As a slab sinks deeper into the mantle, the in- crease in temperature and pressure drives volatiles(mostly water) from the oceanic crust. These mobile fluids migrate up- ward into the wedge-shaped piece of mantle located between the subductingslab and the overriding plate. Once the sinking slab reaches a depth of about 100 kilometers, these water-rich fluids reduce the melting point of hot mantle rock sufficiently to trigger some melting. The partial melting of mantle rock(peridotite) generates magma with a basaltic composition. After a sufficient quantity of magma has accumulated, it slowly mi- grates upward Volcanism at a convergent plate margin results in the development of a slightly curved chain of volcanoes called a volcanic arc. These volcanic chains develop roughly parallel to the associated trench-at distances of 200-300 kilometers(100-200 miles). Volcanic arcs can be constructed on oceanic, or continental, lithosphere. Those that develop within the ocean and grow large enough for their tops to rise above the surface are labeled island archipelagos in most atlases. Geol ogists prefer the more descriptive term volcanic island arcs, or simply island arcs(Figure 9.36A). Several young volcanic island arcs border the western Pacific basin, including the Aleutians, the Tongas, and the Marianas
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