summarizing phenomena theories summarize isolated lists of data into a broader conceptual scheme of wider applicability. these summaries can be stated with varying degrees of comprehensiveness and precision. they may range from simple generalizations to complex theoretical relationships. a school superintendent making a generalization about granting certificates of achievement to outstanding teachers in the school district is an example of low-level summarizing; this type of summary is not usually referred to as a theory. but the superintendent might construct a more complex generalization, one that describes the relationship between phenomena. for example, after observing the granting of certificates of achievement to deserving teachers, the superintendent may note a relationship: public recognition is a means of motivating teachers. summarizing and explaining phenomena permit deeper understanding of data and translate empirical findings into a more comprehensive, theoretical framework.