All women receiving in-office TBML completed a patient questionnaire at the initial visit for demographic information and clinical history. History, exam, and treatment data were collected. Pain, engorgement levels, home treatments, feeding patterns, and breastfeeding complications were collected via email questionnaires administered at 2 days, 2 weeks, and 12 weeks. All data were collected and managed using the REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at University Hospitals of Cleveland.18 All women in arm 1 received treatment with TBML from trained clinicians. Descriptions of these techniques have been outlined earlier.18,19 In brief, they embrace the principles of
1. Focused gentle massage toward the axillae. 2. Alternating gentle massage and hand expression.