difficult topredictandwithhighinventorycosts(e.g.duetohigh
obsolescence rates).Accordingtotheproductcharacterisation
proposed by Fisher (1997), theseproductsaredenotedinnovative
products,whereasthosewithlowprofit margins,lowdemand
uncertainty andlowinventoryholdingcostsaredenotedfunc-
tional products.As Fisher (1997) explains,innovativeproducts
requireresponsivesupplychainswithshortleadtimesinorderto
minimise stockouts,forcedmarkdownsandobsoleteinventory.
Conversely,functionalproductsrequirephysicallyefficient supply
chains primarilyfocusedoncost,withlessemphasisonleadtime.
The levelofresponsivenessofasupplychainisnotonly
determined bytransportmodedecisions,butalsobyotherfactors
such asthelocationofitsfacilities.However,infacilitylocation
decisions, notonlythenatureoftheproduct(innovativeor
functional) intervenes;manufacturingandrawmaterialcostsare
also importantfactors (Krugman andVenables,1995;Alonso-
Villar,2005). Especiallyforlabour-intensiveindustries(e.g.appa-
rel andelectronics),manufacturinginlow-wagecountriescanbe
very attractivedespitethembeingfarawayfromthemarkets
where productsaresold.
Therefore,weobservethatthereareopportunitiesforthecom-
panieswantingtoreducecarbonemissionsinlookingbeyondtheir
ownoperationsandconsiderindirectemissionsfromotherprocesses
in theirsupplychainssuchastransportemissions.However,wealso
observethatitisnoteasyforthesecompaniestobalancecarbon
considerationswithsupplychainresponsivenesstrade-offsanddiff-
erencesinmanufacturingcostsaroundtheglobe,asemissionsand
costsfromdifferentprocessesareinterconnected.Moreover,aswe
explained,functionalandinnovativeproductshavedifferentrequire-
ments intermsofsupplychainresponsiveness.Thus,itisreasonable
tothinkthatthestrategytoreducetheemissionscloselydependson
theproduct'scharacteristics:theemissionsfromasupplychain
deliveringafunctionalproductandfromasupplychaindeliveringan
innovativeproductmightbeverydifferent.
In thispaper,wepresentamathematicalmodeltoassistcom-
panies facingthesejointenvironmentalandoperationaltrade-offs,
and helpthemdefine carbonabatementstrategiesinacost-eff-
ectivemanner.Moreprecisely,wecontributetotheliteraturewith
a supplychainnetworkdesignmodelthatsimultaneouslycon-
siders theemissionsandcostsrelatedtobothfacilitylocationand
transportmodedecisions,whiletakingintoaccounttheinnovative
or functionalnatureofproductsthroughtheexplicitconsideration
of demanduncertaintyandinventorycosts.Weexplicitlymodel
differences acrossfacilitylocationsintermsofcosts/emissionsof
rawmaterialsorcomponents,manufacturingtechnologiesand
labour.
Thestructureofthispaperisasfollows
ยาก topredictandwithhighinventorycosts (e.g.duetohighอัตราการเสื่อมสภาพ) Accordingtotheproductcharacterisationเสนอ โดยฟิชเชอร์ (1997), theseproductsaredenotedinnovativeผลิตภัณฑ์ ขอบ whereasthosewithlowprofit, lowdemandความไม่แน่นอน andlowinventoryholdingcostsaredenotedfunc-หากคุณผลิตภัณฑ์นี้ ฟิชเชอร์ (1997) อธิบาย innovativeproductsrequireresponsivesupplychainswithshortleadtimesinordertoลด stockouts, forcedmarkdownsandobsoleteinventoryในทางกลับกัน functionalproductsrequirephysicallyefficient ซัพพลายโซ่ primarilyfocusedoncost, withlessemphasisonleadtimeLevelofresponsivenessofasupplychainisnotonly การกำหนด bytransportmodedecisions, butalsobyotherfactorsasthelocationofitsfacilities ดังกล่าว อย่างไรก็ตาม infacilitylocationnotonlythenatureoftheproduct (innovativeor การตัดสินใจintervenes ทำ) manufacturingandrawmaterialcostsareนอกจากนี้ importantfactors (พอลครุกแมน andVenables, 1995 Alonso-เกมยูโร 2005) Especiallyforlabour-intensiveindustries(e.g.appa-andelectronics ไปปล่อยลงให้), manufacturinginlow-wagecountriescanbeattractivedespitethembeingfarawayfromthemarkets มากที่ productsaresoldดังนั้น weobservethatthereareopportunitiesforthecom-panieswantingtoreducecarbonemissionsinlookingbeyondtheirownoperationsandconsiderindirectemissionsfromotherprocessesใน theirsupplychainssuchastransportemissions อย่างไรก็ตาม ผลิตภobservethatitisnoteasyforthesecompaniestobalancecarbonconsiderationswithsupplychainresponsivenesstrade-offsanddiff -erencesinmanufacturingcostsaroundtheglobe, asemissionsandcostsfromdifferentprocessesareinterconnected นอกจากนี้ asweอธิบาย functionalandinnovativeproductshavedifferentrequire-intermsofsupplychainresponsiveness โฆษณา ดังนั้น itisreasonabletothinkthatthestrategytoreducetheemissionscloselydependsontheproduct'scharacteristics:theemissionsfromasupplychaindeliveringafunctionalproductandfromasupplychaindeliveringaninnovativeproductmightbeverydifferentใน thispaper, wepresentamathematicalmodeltoassistcom-เทคโนโลยี facingthesejointenvironmentalandoperationaltrade ชุดและ helpthemdefine carbonabatementstrategiesinacost-eff -ectivemanner Moreprecisely, wecontributetotheliteraturewithsupplychainnetworkdesignmodelthatsimultaneouslycon-siders theemissionsandcostsrelatedtobothfacilitylocationandtransportmodedecisions, whiletakingintoaccounttheinnovativeหรือ functionalnatureofproductsthroughtheexplicitconsiderationของ demanduncertaintyandinventorycosts Weexplicitlymodelความแตกต่าง acrossfacilitylocationsintermsofcosts/emissionsofrawmaterialsorcomponents, manufacturingtechnologiesandแรงงานThestructureofthispaperisasfollows
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