The common threads that draw these disciplines together in the conducting
of action research are:
• A highly rigorous, yet reflective or interpretive, approach to empirical
research
• The active engagement of individuals traditionally known as subjects as
participants and contributors in the research enterprise
• The integration of some practical outcomes related to the actual lives of
participants in this research project
• A spiraling of steps, each of which is composed of some type of pI anning,
action, and evaluation