both omnibus influences on the occurrence of organizational phenomena (i.e., structural correspondence) as well as a more specific influence
through the functional relationships among constructs (i.e., individual
correspondence; Dierdorff et al., 2009). Moreover, the notion that values
are higher-level antecedents to individual-level phenomena (e.g., jobs,
behavior, performance) is common to other theoretical models that incorporate their influences. For example, Schwartz (1999) contends that
the prevailing cultural values of a society affect the types of work goals
that are ultimately pursued by individuals. Similarly, values that reflect
organizational culture are thought to be antecedent to human resource
practices and individual-level outcomes, such as satisfaction and motivation (Kopelman, Brief, & Guzzo, 1990). Finally, Burke and Signal (2010)
characterized higher-level values as distal antecedents to individual differences. Thus, not only do these theories recognize the top-down antecedent
influences of values, but they also describe the potential for such causal
influences to be both direct and indirect on lower-level variables.