Goal orientation is affected by the expected performance outcomes and not the achieved and evaluated performance outcomes, which is the case for self-efficacy. Although goal orientations might be affected by the expected performance outcomes during the teaching period, it is not clear from previous research how goal orientations change. A specific goal orientation of a student might change from mastery-avoidance into mastery-approach or from mastery-avoidance in performance-avoidance within a specific achievement situation.