Taking these data together, although the role of alcohol
consumption in PC remains unclear, it appears that
low to moderate alcohol consumption is not associated
with PC risk, but chronic heavy drinking (and perhaps
prolonged bingering, although available data are confusing)
may increase risk of PC[58,59,61,63]. Heavy alcohol consumption
may increase PC risk by potentiating the effects
of other risk factors such as tobacco smoking, poor nutrition,
and inflammatory pathways related to CP, but also
may have independent genetic and epigenetic effects