The ocean has played an important role in Xiamen's social,
economic and cultural development [25]. In recent decades,
xpanding anthropogenic activities in the region has reached an
precedented level, which results in three types of issues:
considerable environmental and ecological degradation [26–29];
use conflicts in crowded coastal waters [30,31];and(3)resource
and environmental restraints hindering sustainable development
[25,26,30,32]. To address these issues, the municipal government
has developed management plans for multiple uses of the marine
and coastal areas