the biological activity of black raspberry against esophageal,
colon, and oral cancers has been demonstrated (Tulio et al., 2008).
It has long been established that cyanidin-3-glucoside and
cyanidin-3-rutinoside are the respective major and minor anthocyanins
in blackberries (Fan-Chiang and Wrolstad, 2005). It is also
known that cyanidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-
3-xylosylrutinoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside are commonly
found in black raspberries.