Conversely, other off-the-job methods of training delivery have been suggested in the literature as
being of equally distinct in organisations. These may include planned training experiences such as outdoorbased
training and learning and total quality-related activities as in quality control circles. The benefits of
outdoor-based training were claimed as having the ability to develop effective work teams and also the ability
to enhance leadership and management skills (Badger et al, 1997; McEvoy & Cragun, 1997; Short et al, 2002;
Francis, 2003).