A convincing alternative to the orthodox explanation of hunger was set forward in Amartya Sen's pioneering book, Poverty and Famines: An essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, which was first published in 1981 (Sen 1981, 1983). He argues that famines have often occurred when there has been no significant reduction in the level of per capita food availability and, furthermore, that some famines have occurred during years of peak food availability. Thus hunger is due to people not having enough to eat, rather than there not being enough to eat. Put another way, whether a person starves or eats depends not so much on the amount of food available, but whether or not they can establish an entitlement to that food. If there is plenty of food available in the shops, but a family does not have the money to purchase that food, and does not have the means of growing their own food, then they are likely to starve. For example, while in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa agricultural land was used traditionally to provide food for local markets, the creation of global markets has meant that more and more land is devoted to export crops to feed wealthy nations. With access to land for local production limited, little opportunity to find alternative work, and little social security arrangement in place following the austerity policies imposed by the World Bank and pastoralists cannot assert their entitlement to food, even when global production increases. In short, the conditions for hunger prevail even in a world of plenty.