The recommendation information
can also be queried by all examinees. Quasi-experimental design was adopted to understand the
effectiveness of PDA-WATA in facilitating learner use of self-regulatory learning behaviors to perform
self-regulated learning and in improving learner e-Learning effectiveness. Participants were 123 seventhgrade
junior high school students from four classes. These four classes were randomly divided into the
PDA-WATA group (n ¼ 63) and the N-WBT group (n ¼ 60). Before e-Learning instruction, all students took
the pre-test of the Learning Process Inventory (LPI), used to understand how often learners use selfregulatory
learning behaviors in the learning process, and the pre-test of the summative assessment.
After a two-week e-Learning instruction, the students all took the post-test of the LPI and the summative
assessment. Results indicate that students in the PDA-WATA group appear to be more willing to take the
Web-based formative assessment than students in the N-WBT group. In addition, PDA-WATA appears to
be significantly more effective than N-WBT in facilitating learner use of self-regulatory learning
behaviors to perform self-regulated learning and in improving their e-Learning effectiveness. Moreover,
this research also finds that in the PDA-WATA group, there is no significant difference between the
learning effectiveness of students with a low level of self-regulated learning and students with a high
level of self-regulated learning, but similar result cannot be found in the N-WBT group.