We determined that a first occurrence of a primary outcome event among 1070 patients would provide the trial with 90% power (at a two-sided P value of 0.05) to detect a risk of a primary outcome event that was 18% lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group.14 The protocol specified that a single formal interim analysis for efficacy would be conducted when 150 patients had had a first occurrence of ESKD. On the basis of the number of primary-outcome events at the time of the interim analysis (624 events), the two conditions for recommending an early stop for efficacy were prespecified as a hazard ratio of less than 0.778 for the primary outcome and the secondary outcome of ESKD or death from cardiovascular causes, with two- sided P values of less than 0.0017 and less than 0.05, respectively. (Details are provided in the protocol.)