Discussion
Use of the Rogers’ (2003) diffusion of innovations
theory to facilitate guideline implementation resulted
in successful diffusion of the screening portion of the
guidelines into practice. This change was sustained for
at least a 3-month period after completion of the education
programs. To ensure that practice changes are sustained,
continued data collection of a convenience
sample at each clinical setting will occur every 3 to 6
months. Data will be shared with clinic leadership and
staff. Changes to the program (reinvention) will be
made as needed. Gawlinski (2007) suggested that incorporating
an overview of the program as part of the unit
orientation for newstaff may help ensure longevity.This
change has already been instituted at the hospital-based
clinic and will be implemented at the second site. Additionally,
review of the renal health program is included
in orientation for resident physicians and medical
students receiving education in the clinics.
Evaluation of the program also revealed a weakness
of the current guidelines. The guideline recommendations
for follow-up testing when a proteinuria
or a low eGFR is noted lack specific suggestions
for testing (e.g., the guidelines encouraged referral
to a nephrologist or renal ultrasound). In fact, simply repeating the test to ensure its accuracy, although
usually completed in practice, is not suggested. Additionally,
more positive urine protein levels were
uncovered, but the lack of clear-cut guidelines for
the process of evaluation of these tests placed some
increased burden on the care provider’s time. Reinvention
of the program to move forward will include
determination of specific recommendations for
testing follow-up of abnormal renal screening.
The data collection process also illuminated other
areas for practice improvement. For example, it was
anecdotally noted that many subjects had elevated blood
pressures but did not have HTN noted on the problem
list. If HTN was diagnosed, many patients were not at
goal blood pressure levels and lacked use of mediations
to preserve renal function. HTN diagnosis andmanagement
could be the next evidence-based practice (EBP)
change project undertaken by the clinic staff.
Flexibility of the innovation and the ability to
change it for adaptation to the clinical site as suggested
by Rogers (2003) was instrumental for the success of
this program. For example, during the provider and
staff education sessions at the primary care clinic site,
itwas learned that the providers did not use the standard
order set in which the renal program reminders had
been included. To build in reminders for the providers
at this site, it was quickly determined that renal testing
parameters could be added to all providers’ ‘‘favorites’’
in their electronic health record order areas.
The renal health education diffusion issues presented
in the results section have already been addressed
through the reinvention process. After seeing
the results of this first evaluation data analysis, ‘‘smart
phrase’’ technology was adapted to help the hospitalbased
nurse ensure that the teaching provided was
properly documented. At the primary care clinic site,
the nurse worked with the medical assistant staff to
ensure that the Living Healthy with HIV form would
be given to the patient along with the RN’s business
card/contact information. The RN would make
follow-up contact with the patient to answer any questions
and ensure the education is completed.
DiscussionUse of the Rogers’ (2003) diffusion of innovationstheory to facilitate guideline implementation resultedin successful diffusion of the screening portion of theguidelines into practice. This change was sustained forat least a 3-month period after completion of the educationprograms. To ensure that practice changes are sustained,continued data collection of a conveniencesample at each clinical setting will occur every 3 to 6months. Data will be shared with clinic leadership andstaff. Changes to the program (reinvention) will bemade as needed. Gawlinski (2007) suggested that incorporatingan overview of the program as part of the unitorientation for newstaff may help ensure longevity.Thischange has already been instituted at the hospital-basedclinic and will be implemented at the second site. Additionally,review of the renal health program is includedin orientation for resident physicians and medicalstudents receiving education in the clinics.Evaluation of the program also revealed a weaknessof the current guidelines. The guideline recommendationsfor follow-up testing when a proteinuriaor a low eGFR is noted lack specific suggestionsfor testing (e.g., the guidelines encouraged referralto a nephrologist or renal ultrasound). In fact, simply repeating the test to ensure its accuracy, althoughusually completed in practice, is not suggested. Additionally,more positive urine protein levels wereuncovered, but the lack of clear-cut guidelines forthe process of evaluation of these tests placed someincreased burden on the care provider’s time. Reinventionof the program to move forward will includedetermination of specific recommendations fortesting follow-up of abnormal renal screening.The data collection process also illuminated otherareas for practice improvement. For example, it wasanecdotally noted that many subjects had elevated bloodpressures but did not have HTN noted on the problemlist. If HTN was diagnosed, many patients were not atgoal blood pressure levels and lacked use of mediationsto preserve renal function. HTN diagnosis andmanagementcould be the next evidence-based practice (EBP)change project undertaken by the clinic staff.Flexibility of the innovation and the ability tochange it for adaptation to the clinical site as suggestedby Rogers (2003) was instrumental for the success ofthis program. For example, during the provider andstaff education sessions at the primary care clinic site,itwas learned that the providers did not use the standardorder set in which the renal program reminders hadbeen included. To build in reminders for the providersat this site, it was quickly determined that renal testingparameters could be added to all providers’ ‘‘favorites’’in their electronic health record order areas.The renal health education diffusion issues presentedin the results section have already been addressedthrough the reinvention process. After seeingthe results of this first evaluation data analysis, ‘‘smartphrase’’ technology was adapted to help the hospitalbasednurse ensure that the teaching provided wasproperly documented. At the primary care clinic site,the nurse worked with the medical assistant staff toensure that the Living Healthy with HIV form wouldbe given to the patient along with the RN’s businesscard/contact information. The RN would makefollow-up contact with the patient to answer any questionsand ensure the education is completed.
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