In all three situations, judgment by prototype and extension neglect can cause violations of monotonicity. People commonly underestimate the strength of evidence provided by ‘weak’ results in a large sample, compared to stronger results in a small sample (Tversky and Kahneman, 1971). They assign a higher probability to the statement ‘Linda is a bank teller and a feminist’ than to the statement ‘Linda is a bank teller,’ if the description of Linda resembles the stereotype of a feminist but not the stereotype of a bank teller (Tversky and Kahneman, 1982). Because the prototypical moment of an episode of discomfort is strongly influenced by how the episode ends, adding a period of diminishing pain to an episode makes it less aversive, in violation of dominance (Kahneman et al., 1993).