2.1.2. Sonication of orange Juice
Orange juice (250 mL) was placed in a glass beaker and an ultrasonic horn was introduced in the beaker with horn tip being dipped to a distance of 5 mm. The ultrasonic horn was procured from M/s Dakshin, Mumbai and has a variable power output with maximum rating of 120 W and fixed operating frequency of 20 kHz. For the treatment, the ultrasonic operation was set at 20 kHz, 100 W supplied power, duty cycle of 50%, treatment time as 15 min and the temperature was maintained at 40 ± 1 C. The treatment conditions were again decided based on the requirement of FDA recommended log reduction and using preliminary studies to check the effect of treatment time. During the treatment, agnetic stirring was used as the liquid circulation generated due to horn alone is not sufficient enough to ensure uniform conditions. The ultrasonic horn had a diameter of 10 mm and the entire chamber was sealed with aluminum foil to maintain aseptic environment. Samples were cooled immediately after sonication and stored at 4 C till further analysis (maximum storage duration as 4 weeks). During the ultrasound treatment, no particles were observed visually in the juice though the temperature increased to about 50 C.
2.1.2. Sonication of orange JuiceOrange juice (250 mL) was placed in a glass beaker and an ultrasonic horn was introduced in the beaker with horn tip being dipped to a distance of 5 mm. The ultrasonic horn was procured from M/s Dakshin, Mumbai and has a variable power output with maximum rating of 120 W and fixed operating frequency of 20 kHz. For the treatment, the ultrasonic operation was set at 20 kHz, 100 W supplied power, duty cycle of 50%, treatment time as 15 min and the temperature was maintained at 40 ± 1 C. The treatment conditions were again decided based on the requirement of FDA recommended log reduction and using preliminary studies to check the effect of treatment time. During the treatment, agnetic stirring was used as the liquid circulation generated due to horn alone is not sufficient enough to ensure uniform conditions. The ultrasonic horn had a diameter of 10 mm and the entire chamber was sealed with aluminum foil to maintain aseptic environment. Samples were cooled immediately after sonication and stored at 4 C till further analysis (maximum storage duration as 4 weeks). During the ultrasound treatment, no particles were observed visually in the juice though the temperature increased to about 50 C.
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